1. The Telencephalon 端脑
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华

2. General Appearance of Cerebrum
The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure大脑纵裂
In the depths of the fissure, the corpus callosum 胼胝体connects the hemispheres across the midline
The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior

3. Main Sulci Three principal sulci Central sulcus 中央沟 Lateral sulcus 外侧沟
Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟
Central sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lateral sulcus

4. Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere
Five lobes
Frontal lobe 额叶
Parietal lobe 顶叶
Temporal lobe 颞叶
Occipital lobe 枕叶
Insular lobe 岛叶
Insular lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

5. Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe
Precentral sulcus 中央前沟
Precentral gyrus 中央前回
Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟
Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟
Superior frontal gyrus 额上回
Middle frontal gyrus 额中回
Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回

6. Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior, middle
and inferioe frontal
gyri

7. Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe
Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟
Postcentral gyrus 中央后回
Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟
Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶
Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶
Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回
Angular gyrus 角回

8. Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Intraparietal sulcus
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus

9. Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe
Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟
Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟
Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回
Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回
Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回
Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回

10. Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

11. Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe
Transverse temporal gyri

12. Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Superior frontal sulcus
Postcentral sulcus
Intraparietal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Superior,
middle
and inferior
frontal
gyri
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

13. Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface
Corpus callosum 胼胝体
Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟
Cingulate gyrus 扣带回
Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟
Marginal ramus 缘支
Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶
Calcarine sulcus 距状沟
Cuneus 楔叶
Lingual gyrus 舌回

14. Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface
Corpus callosum
Callosal sulcus
Paracentral lobule
cingulate gyrus
Marginal ramus
Cingulate sulcus
Parietooccipital
sulcus
Cuneus
Calcarine sulcus
Lingual gyrus

15. Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface
Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory tract 嗅束
Olfactory trigone 嗅三角
Anterior perforated substance 前穿质
Collateral sulcus 侧副沟
Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回
Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟
Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
Uncus 钩
Hippocampus 海马
Dentate gyrus 齿状回

16. Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory trigone
Uncus
Ant. Perforated substance
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Parahippocampalgyrus
Collateral sulcus
Lateral occipitotemporal
gyrus
Medial occipitotemporal
gyrus

17. Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface
Hippocampus
Hippocampal
formation
海马结构
Dentate gyrus

18. Histology of Cerebral Cortex
Archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构)
Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑)
Neocortex 新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)
3 cell layers
6 cell layers

19. Functional Location of Cerebral Cortex

20. First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区
Position:
Located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule

21. First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区
Characters
Representation is inverted, but head and face are upright
A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size
Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei
Sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements

22. First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区

23. First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区

24. First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区
Position:
Lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule

25. First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区
Characters
Sensory representation, like motor area, is crossed and inverted
Receiving fibers from ventral posterior nucleus
Interpret sensation from opposite side of body

26. First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区

27. Visual Area 视觉区
Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe
Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side
Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections

28. Auditory Area 听觉区 Located in transverse temporal gyri
Receive auditory information from both ears

29. Vestibular area平衡觉区: located in front of superior temporal gyrus
Olfactory area 嗅觉区: located near the uncus
Taste area 味觉区: located at frontal operculum

30. Language Area 语言中枢
It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person
Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢
Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus
Damage: motor aphasia
Writing area 书写中枢
Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus
Damage: agraphia
Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢
Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
Lesion: sensory aphasia
Visual speech area 视觉性语言中枢
Located in angular gyrus
Lesion: alexia

31. Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室 Position: located in cerebral hemispheres
Four parts
Central part: lies in parietal lobe
Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe
Posterior horn: extend into occipital lobe
Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe

32. Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室
Transverse MRI scan, at the level of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

33. Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室 Communication
lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle

34. Basal Nuclei 基底核 Corpus striatum 纹状体 Claustrum 屏状核 Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
Lentiform nucleus 豆状核
Caudate nucleus 尾状核
Claustrum 屏状核
Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
Globus pallidus 苍白球
－paleostriatum 旧纹状体
Putamen 壳
Neostriatum 新纹状体

35. Basal Nuclei 基底核
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Claustrum

36. White Matter Association fibers 联络纤维
Run between gyri within the same hemisphere
Cerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维
Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束
Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束
Uncinate fasciculus 钩束
Cingulum 扣带

37. White Matter Commissural fibers 连合纤维 Corpus callosum 胼胝体
Rostrum 胼胝体嘴
Genu 胼胝体膝
Trunk 胼胝体干
Splenium 胼胝体压部
Anterior commissure 前连合
Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合

38. White Matter
Projection fibers 投射纤维 connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers
★Internal capsule
Position: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus

39. Internal Capsule 内囊
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Dorsal thalamus

40. Internal Capsule 内囊 Three parts Anterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢
Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation
Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝
Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet
Containing corticonuclear tract
Posterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢
Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus
Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation

41. Anterior thalamic radiation
Head of caudate nucleus
Frontopontine tract
Corticonuclear tract
Lentiform nucleus
Corticorubral tract
Corticospinal tract
Parieto-occipito-
temporo-pontine tract
Dorsal thalamus
Central thalamic
radiation
Acoustic radiation
Medial geniculate body
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate body

42. Limbic System 边缘系统 Composition
Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on
Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain
Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’