1. Developing a Spray Program
Stephen Jordan UW-Madison

2. Considerations when developing a spray program
Varietal susceptibility to disease
Vineyard disease history
Fungicide options
Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs)
Certified pesticide applicators or persons under their direct supervision
Organic
Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)
Environmental impact
Fungicide resistance management
Cost vs product efficacy
Re-entry Interval (REI) and Pre-harvest Interval (PHI)

3. Variety Susceptibility
Black Rot
Downy Mildew
Powdery Mildew
Phomopsis
Anthracnose
Botrytis
Sulfur sensitive
Copper Sensitive
Brianna ++ + ? NO
Edelwiess
Frontenac
Frontenac Gris
LaCrescent
LaCrosse
+++
Leon Millot
YES
Marechal Foch
Marquette
St. Croix
St. Pepin
+/++
Valiant
+=slightly susceptible or sensitive; ++=moderately susceptible or sensitive; +++=highly susceptible or sensitive; No=not
Most of these ratings were taken from research and observations from other states
Unsure about a variety? talk to someone nearby who is growing it
Resistant? Yes. Immune? Probably Not!

4. Protectant and Systemic Fungicides
Protectant fungicides act as a barrier to infection on the surface of the tissue
Must be applied prior to inoculum reaching the vine
Does not protect new growth and must be re-applied
Prone to environmental degradation
Rain, UV etc..
Systemic fungicides enter the plant tissue
Varying levels of penetration
Varying levels of “curative” power (dose dependent)
Can act as a protectant
Limited protection of new growth after application
Less prone to environmental degradation

5. Fungicide Resistance Management
Multi-target mode of action vs single target mode of action
Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code on labels (not all!)
Mix at-risk materials with materials that have different modes of action
Alternate at-risk materials with materials that have different modes of action (different FRAC codes)
Avoid using low rates with marginal control.
Get complete coverage so that all parts of the plant receive an effective dose.

6. Anne DeMarsay,
PhD

7. FRAC Code

8. FRAC Code

9. Mancozeb Dithane, Dithane DF Rainshield , Manex II, Manzate, Penncozeb
ethylene(bis) dithiocarbamate (EBCD fungicide)
Broad spectrum protectant, no worries about resistance
Workhorse of early-season disease control
66 day Post-harvet Interval (PHI)
24 hr Restricted Entry Period (REI)

10. Alternatives to mancozeb
Captan
Can be used later in the season than mancozeb (0 day PHI)
Protectant
3 day REI can make working in the vineyard a problem
24 lb/acre/year limit
Can not be used with crop oils
Ziram
48h REI, 21 day PHI
Great for black rot
Overall less effective than mancozeb

11. Sterol inhibitor fungicides
The other work horse
Also known as DMI fungicides
Systemic, excellent post-infection activity (“kick-back”)
requires fungicide resistance management
Relatively affordable
Highly effective against black rot and powdery mildew, effective against phomopsis
Rally (Nova) (myclobutanil)
24h REI, 14 day PHI
Elite (tebuconazole)
12h REI, 14 day PHI

12. Strobilurins
Very effective, great protectant activity, poor “kick-back” activity
Slightly systemic
Tend to be more expensive
Must use fungicide resistance management (no more than 2 applications in a row, and do not rotate with another strobilurin)
Limited to 3 applications in a season (at max label rate)

13. Strobilurins Abound (azoxystrobin) Sovran (kresoxim methyl)
4 hr REI, 14 day PHI.
Sovran (kresoxim methyl)
12 hr REI, 14 day PHI
Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid)
12 hr REI, 14 day PHI, 5 day REI when cane tying, turning, girdling
Potentially phytotoxic to labrusca
Flint (trifloxystrobin)
Less effective

14. Mefenoxam Ridomil formulations with mancozeb, copper Expensive
Very effective for downy mildew control
Very systemic, curative
With copper, effective against powdery mildew (but PHI of 42 days)

15. Sulfur Sulfur is very effective for powdery mildew control
Can be mixed with most other fungicides except crop oils
Does not work well below 65°F and can be phytotoxic to vines at temperatures over 85°F
Some cultivars are sulfur sensitive (Foch)
Ask your winemaker

16. Coppers
Several different formulations (copper sulfate, copper hydroxide)
Cool temperatures can lead to phytotoxicity
Work well in controlling downy mildew infections, ok control of powdery mildew
Only use on copper-tolerant cultivars
Ask your winemaker

17. Phosphonates Phosphorous acid fungicides
Agri-fos (potassium phosphate)
Aliette (fosetyl-Al)
Phostrol, Prophyt (Na, K, NH3 phosphites, phosphorous acids)
Work very well against downy mildew (good products for cleaning up foliage), some efficacy against other grape pathogens,
Broad spectrum fungicides (?)

18. Other fungicide options
Vangard, Elevate, Endura, and Rovral
Most effective for Botrytis bunch rot control
Quintec
Powdery mildew product, protectant
Topsin M
Effective for powdery mildew, anthracnose, not effective for black rot and downy mildew control
Quadris Top, (new product for grape)
Mix of an SI fungicide and a strobilurin
Revus Top (new product for grapes)
Mix of mandipropamid and difenoconazole (SI fungicide)
University efficacy trials show excellent control of black rot, downy and powdery mildew

19. Other fungicide options
Crop Oils (JMS Stylet Oil, Saf-T-Side, etc)
Effective for powdery mildew control and some insects
Can remove the “bloom” from berries, not advisable for table grapes
Biologicals
Serenade, Sonata
May play a role in organic production, not as effective as conventional fungicides
Potassium Salts
Armicarb, Nutrol
Some efficacy for powdery mildew only, short-lived protectants
Hydrogen Peroxide (Oxidate)
Surface anti-sporulant, not a protectant

20. Approximate fungicide costs/acre (2010)
Cost ($)/Acre
Broad Sprectrum Protectants
Low Rate
High Rate
Phosphonates
ZIRAM 76
12.00
16.00
PHOSTROL
11.01
22.01
PENNCOZEB
8.04
21.44
CAPTEC 4L
10.75
21.50
Copper
CAPTAN 50W/MF
10.82
21.64
KOCIDE 3000
7.64
17.83
CHAMP
10.50
21.00
SI Fungicides
ELITE 45 WP -
15.19
Sulfur
RALLY
14.37
23.95
KUMULUS
3.34
16.70
SULFUR MICROFINE
2.77
18.25
Strobilurin Fungicides
LIME SULFUR
70.96
177.40
SOVRAN
18.00
27.00
(Dormant)
ABOUND
24.08
37.32
Others
FLINT
25.54
51.08
TOPSIN M
13.95
27.90
RIDOMIL GOLD MZ
37.58
PRISTINE
25.95
40.54
OXIDATE
12.87
42.91
SERENADE MAX
14.89
44.67
VANGARD
23.45
46.90
Red = OMRI approved

21. Spray program options No spraying Calendar Schedule
Prepare to be disappointed
Calendar Schedule
Fungicide application every x number of days
10-14 day intervals is the norm
In areas with high disease pressure and susceptible varieties, this could be every 7 days
Phenological Schedule
Sprays are based on the growth stage of the vines
Can be problematic with vines at different stages
Ideally, we would use a combination of the calendar and phenological schedules with a large dose of flexibility
Non-bearing vs bearing fruit

22. Dormant spray Recommended for anthracnose, phomopsis and some insects
Might decrease powdery mildew inoculum
Won’t eliminate the disease from your vineyard
Lime sulfur
Caustic (hard on sprayer)
Expensive when used as a dormant spray
Does not store well (crystallizes, need hot water to mix)
Stinks!
Is anthracnose and phomopsis a problem in your vineyard?
Yes, Apply lime sulfur
No, Save your money

23. 1” Shoots to pre-bloom

24. 1” Shoots to pre-bloom Goal is to protect the young, growing shoots
Black rot, powdery mildew, anthracnose, Phomopsis, downy mildew
14 day spray intervals should be adequate
Use a good protectant such as mancozeb or captan
Black rot problems or variety susceptibility, use mancozeb
Downy mildew problems, use captan
If you miss a spray, or wet weather is delaying a spray, add an SI fungicide (Rally, Elite, etc…) to the tank mix for “kick-back” or post-infection activity

25. Pre-bloom to 5-6 weeks post-bloom
Immediate prebloom through 5 to 6 weeks post-bloom is the most critical period for fungicide sprays

26. Pre-bloom to 5-6 weeks post-bloom

27. Pre-bloom to 5-6 weeks post-bloom
Primary goal is to protect the young, susceptible fruit
we want the rest of the vine to be protected as well
3 sprays should cover this period (14 day intervals)
mancozeb or captan + SI fungicide (captan for the last spray?)
strobilurin in the rotation
Rainy, warm weather and susceptible variety, shorten to 10 days (strobilurin more rain fast)
Don’t rely only on a strobilurin fungicide during this period
3 applications total for the season, only 2 sprays in a row
fungicide resistance management

28. 5-6 weeks post-bloom to harvest (and beyond)

29. 5-6 weeks post-bloom to harvest (and beyond)
Fruit should now be resistant to most pathogens
Powdery and downy mildew on foliage
How much disease can you tolerate
Reduce over-wintering inoculum
Bunch rots
Botrytis, sour rot, ripe rot
Switching from mancozeb (66 day PHI) to captan as primary protectant
Typically, a drier late summer can help you reduce # of sprays
Strobilurin fungicides are good for powdery mildew, downy mildew and bunch rots

30. Example program – vines bearing fruit
1” shoots, May 1st , mancozeb ($20)
6” shoots, May 15th mancozeb ($20)
Prebloom/bloom, June 1st mancozeb + SI ($35)
1st Cover Spray, June 15th strobilurin ($40)
2nd Cover Spray, July 1st captan + SI ($35)
3rd Cover Spray, July 15th strobilurin ($40)
4th Cover Spray, (veraison) Spray August 1st, captan ($20)
Clean-up Spray for downy mildew in September, Phosphorous Acid ($20)
Total cost per acre in fungicides - $230

31. Fungicide program for non-bearing fruit
Not worried about fruit or harvest, so PHI goes out the window
Grow tubes are an ideal environment for disease
Warm and humid
Scout for foliar symptoms
Downy and powdery mildew are the greatest threat
Anthracnose, black rot, and phomopsis may have come in on the nursery stock
Spray as needed

32. What I would keep in my fungicide storage shed
mancozeb and captan
mancozeb for early season, captan for late season
A sterol-inhibitor fungicide
Rally, Elevate, etc…
Tank mix with one of the above protectants during the “CRITICAL PERIOD”
A strobilurin or strobilurin containing product
Effective for both powdery and downy mildew
Good for late season control of bunch rots
Perhaps a Phosphorus acid fungicide (Phostrol, Prophyt, etc..)
Good for downy mildew on the leaves and affordable
A powdery mildew fungicide

33. What about insects? Scouting is critical
Scouting for phylloxera at the end of May
Insecticides are applied as needed with scheduled fungicide sprays
2011 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide is a great reference

34. Phylloxera insecticide trial - 2010
Number of galls per leaf
$27
All foliar applications 2x after bloom
$17
$28
$55

35. Making tank mixes Fill the tank ¼ - ½ full and begin agitation
When mixing chemicals, add in the following order:
Wettable Powders
Dispersible Granules
Flowables
Emulsifiable Concentrates
Solutions
Crop oils or surfactants
The mixture should be agitated after each addition.

36. Reminders for proper tank mixing
Familiarize yourself with the adjustments specific to your sprayer, not all sprayers operate the same and are adjusted differently
Be sure the sprayer is parked on a level surface
Know the exact tank volume
Mark the tank volumes where they can easily be read
Calibrate the sprayer
Choose a formulation that best meets the need of a particular application
Read the label and be aware of mixing precautions and personal protection equipment
Mix only what is needed for that day
Fill half the tank with clean water, never add concentrated chemicals to an empty tank
Start the agitation before adding any chemicals

37. Reminders for proper tank mixing
To avoid back-siphoning of chemicals, there should be no direct connection between the water source and the sprayer tank
Properly measure and add the chemicals to the tank
If using different formulations, follow the mixing order above
Sometimes it is easier to premix the chemicals into a slurry before adding to the tank
Rinse any mixing containers and pour the rinsate into the tank
Fill the tank to its final volume, avoid over-filling the tank
Properly dispose of all empty pesticide containers
Properly clean-up and dispose of any spilled chemical or pesticide solution
Apply the pesticide according to labeled directions

38. Stephen Jordan 608-228-6932 sjordan3@wisc.edu