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Italian Unification Part 2 Camillo Cavour and Realpolitik.

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1 Italian Unification Part 2 Camillo Cavour and Realpolitik

2 Realpolitik  After the failure of the 1848 revolutions, many people realized that ideas alone were not enough to change the world.  Many powerful people across Europe realized that Nationalism and Liberalism were powerful forces that could not be fought forever.  Therefore, if you can’t beat them, join them. Use the ideas to help get what you want.  Realpolitik means politics by any means necessary. Get want you want and use any method to do it. War, Peace, Honesty, Dishonesty, Loyalty, Betrayal. Everything was fair game  The users of Realpolitik achieved lasting change because they used the ideas of Liberalism and Nationalism while at the same time being dishonest, underhanded and cunning

3 THE BRAINS OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION CAMILLO CAVOUR

4 Camillo Cavour  Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour, was born in Turin, in Northern Italian State of Piedmont  His Father forced him to go to Military School  Although he was very intelligent, he did poorly in school  He was too head-strong and independent for military life and hated the conformity  He read the works of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill (Famous Liberalists)  He quit the Military out of boredom and traveled Europe  Upon return to his families land, he was able to impact his entire community with a series of economic and agricultural reforms

5 The move to politics  After 1848, Liberalism became more acceptable in Italy  At this point, Cavour decides to enter politics  During his impressive political career, he earned the reputation as being a “Moderate Liberal”  He eventually earned the position of Prime Minister  Cavour loved Piedmont, but he understood the power of Nationalism in Italy  Therefore, in order to save Piedmont... he must destroy it  He would seek to create Italy... Under the rule of the Royal House of Piedmont

6 How to you create a country? Obstacles 1. Austria – Controls much of Northern Italy 2. France – The Bourbon family controls most of Southern Italy 3. The Church – the Papal States split Italy in Half 4. Political Division – Italy has numerous small states - they have traditionally fought each against each other rather than work together You are Camillo Cavour... What would you do first?

7 Step 1: The Nucleus State  Cavour thought of the concept of the Nucleus State  Nationalist revolutions have traditionally failed because there is always the question of leadership  Cavour would build Sardinia- Piedmont into a powerful, wealthy and modern state  Therefore, people across Italy would recognize their leadership  He built new roads, railways, schools  He created jobs and encouraged new industry and investment  Under his leadership, Sardinia- Piedmont became the greatest of the small Italian States

8 Step 2: Make a Powerful Friend  Cavour knew that the first major obstacle was Austria  Austria was far too powerful to be dealt with by anyone other that a major power  Therefore he went looking for friends  To do this, he thrust his little kingdom into the largest war of the Century... The Crimean War

9 The Eastern Question and the Crimean War  The Ottoman Empire was once very powerful  However, in the 19 th the Ottomans did not Industrialize and became a poor and disorganized state  The Greeks and Serbians were able to successfully break free and Egyptians rose up against the ottomans and almost conquered the entire empire  The Ottoman Empire was called “The Sick Man of Europe” and was on the verger of breaking apart  The Question of who got to control all this territory is know in history as “THE EASTERN QUESTION”  The Crimean War is the Result of the Eastern Question  Russia, as part of the Quadruple Alliance (Congress of Vienna) helped many European countries avoid revolution... They felt earned them the right to be left alone to profit from the Ottoman demise  The rest of Europe didn’t see it that way  This was a massive and ugly conflict

10 Step 3: Convince your Friend to help you  During the Crimean War, Cavour was able to make several contacts with the French Government  He also gained several Audiences with Emperior Louis Napoleon  Cavour realized that the Emperors ambition to be as great as his Uncle could be used against him  Cavour convinced France to help him against Austria in Exchange for Nice (then part of Piedmont – now the French Riviera)  War broke out and the French and Piedmontese forces were able to dive the Austrians out of Lombardy – however, Louis grew tired of the war and pulled out  Venetia stayed in Austrian hands  But a great victory had been accomplished

11 Step 4: Talk others into Joining you  Cavour was ready for final step  He had an alliance with the French, he had defeated Austria and was in control of the dominant country in Italy  Promising protection against Austria and the benefits of his great economy, he managed to convince all of the small states of Northern Italy to join him  At the same time, Garibaldi was conquering southern Italy and poised to take over the Papal States  Cavour could not anger France, so he sent his army to stop Garibaldi – this led to the famous meeting on the bridge

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13 What happened on the Bridge?  Garibaldi was faced with a choice  First, give up his conquest to Piedmont and unify most of italy  Or Second, keep going and try to unify all of Italy under democracy... His life long dream  He choose to surrender his forces and unify most of Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel – who was really Cavour’s puppet!  The Nation of Italy is born!

14 Italy gets the rest!  Cavour dies shortly after he forms Italy  Doctors bleed him to help him recovery from illness  The bleeding causes a stroke and he dies  His last words are “ITALY IS MADE, ALL IS SAFE”  Italy gets Venetia a few years later while the Austrians are embarrassed in war with another European power  Italy gets the Papal States and Rome after that when France gets embarrassed in war with another European power  Italy as we now know it is formed in 1871.

15 Not a Happy Ending  The new Italy was culturally divided – the Industrial North and the Agricultural South – a problem Italy still has today  The greatest obstacle facing Italy was the Catholic Church  After losing control of the Papal States and Rome – the Pope had nothing left  The Catholic Church sabotaged the new Italian state by order all Catholics to resist the Italian government in any way possible  This caused most programs and reforms in Italy to fail and doomed Italy to poverty and backwardness  The Pope was only able to make peace with Italy in 1929 – with Mussolini  The Vatican was made into its own country in exchange for his support for Mussolini’s rule


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