1. Professor Nasir Allawi
Anemias
Thalassemias
Professor Nasir Allawi

3. Definition of Thalassemia
A group of inherited disorders of Hemoglobin synthesis, characterized by reduced or absent synthesis of one or more of the globin chains of Hemoglobin.
They are labeled  thalassemias, if it is the alpha chain that is affected,
and  thalassaemias, if it is the Beta.

4. β- Thalassaemia
β-Thalassaemias are inherited defects in the rate of synthesis of β-globin chains of hemoglobin, which are widely distributed throughout the world, with considerable frequencies in certain areas particularly the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries, including Kurdistan and Iraq.
β-Thalassaemia major is an important health problem throughout Iraq, including Kurdistan , where there are more than 800 registered patients in Sulaimani, in a population of about

5. Global Distribution of Hb- Disorders
Iraq
Global Distribution of Hb- Disorders

6. Types of normal Hemoglobins
All Normal Hemoglobins consists of two pairs of globin chains, at the centre of each is one heme group.
Hb A ( Adult Hb) : 2 2 (~96%).
Hb F (Fetal Hb) : 2 2 (<1.0%).
Hb A2 (minor Adult Hb) : 2 2 ( %).

7. Types of Normal Hb

8. hemoglobin molecule
four a-globin genes
two b-globin genes
two a chains
two b chains

9.  Thalassaemia
This is one of the most common inherited hematological disorders in Iraq.
It was estimated that around % of the population of the country carry thalassemia genes (Baghdad : 4.4%, Basra : 4.6%, Mousel : 6.5%, Duhuk 3.7%, Sulaimani 4.1%).

10. Genetics of  thalassemia
There is one β- globin gene on each chromosome 11 in human genome.
This form of thalassaemia is mostly caused by point mutations involving various points in and around the beta globin gene.
The inheritance of this disorder is autosomal recessive, so that heterozygous are usually symptomless, while homozygotes are severely or moderately affected.
β0 denotes absent β chain synthesis, while β+ means reduced synthesis of β chain .

11. Clinically β thalassaemia could be classified into :
β Thalassaemia Major :
Severe clinical manifestations presenting before the age of 2 years, usually transfusion dependent. Due usually to homozygosity to β thalassemic gene defect (β0 β0, β+ β+, β0 β+) .
β Thalassaemia minor :
Mild or no clinical manifestations, usually does not require specific management. Due usually to heterozygosity to β thalassemia gene defect(β0β or β+ β) .
β Thalassaemia Intermediate :
Moderate manifestations, intermediate between major and minor.

12. Simplified diagram of types of Beta thal
Simplified diagram of types of Beta thal. Genetic defect & relevance of Beta chain production
Normal  chain production
Normal  gene
+thal. Gene defect
reduced  chain production
o thal. Gene defect
No  chain production

13. Defective  gene  Chr 11 Normal  gene Normal beta genes  Chr 11 
Heterozygous to beta thalassaemia genetic defect
Thalassamia Minor 
Chr 11 
Chr 11
Homozygous to beta thalassaemia genetic defect
Thalassamia Major 
Chr 11

14. Clinical features of β thalassaemia Major
First diagnosis between age of 6 months and 2 years.
Presentation usually with pallor, poor feeding, failure to thrive , abdominal swelling (due to hepato-splenomegaly) and sometimes Jaundice.
Deformities in the skull due to bone marrow expansion (Bossing , and mongoloid facies; hair-on-end appearance on skull X-ray).
Also dental problems and inadequate drainage of sinuses and middle ear, leading to chronic sinusitis and deafness
Increased frequency of infections.

15. Clinical features – thal. major

16. Bossing of the skull- thal. major

17. Hair-on-end sign on skull X ray in thal. major
Widening of Diploic space – Skull

18. Blood Picture in Thalassaemia major
Complete Blood Picture (CBP)
Hemoglobin is usually 3-7 g/dl.
Moderate to sever hypochromic microcytic anemia, with marked anisopoikylocytosis.
PCV is evidently reduced.
MCV and MCH are both reduced.
Leucocytes : Maybe normal or increased.
Plateletes : may be normal or increased.
Reticulocytes : usually range 2-8%.
Hb electrophoresis:increased Hb F 10-98%. Hb A2 is variable.

19. Blood film in Thalassaemia major

20. Iron Overload

21. Prognosis in thal major
If no Transfusions, death usually occurs in the first few years of life.
If iron overload is allowed to occur then death in 2nd or early third decade, most commonly due to progressive cardiac damage due to iron deposition, with heart failure or arrhythmias, often precipitated by infections.
However if measures to prevent Iron overload by Iron Chelation are instituted early on, with the transfusion, Iron overload consequences may be limited, although delayed puberty and stunted growth may still be encountered, but otherwise patients may develop normally.

22. Blood Picture of thal. minor
Hemoglobin is usually reduced 1-2 g/dl less than normal for age and sex.
MCH and MCV are reduced.
RBC count is > 5 x 1012/L in 85% of cases.
Reticulocyte count is slightly increased or normal.
Blood film : slight hypochromia, anisocytosis, poikiocytosis, microcytosis, tear drop cells and target cells.

23. Diagnostic tests in  thal minor:
Increase in Hb A2 : Normal range of Hb A2 is %, in Beta thalassemia minor it is increased to 4-7% .
Increased Hb A2 is considered diagnostic of Beta thalassemia minor.
S. Transferrin saturation(S.Iron/TIBC) is usually normal or upper normal.

24. Blood Film in thal minor
Thals. Major
Normal blood film
Thalassemia minor
Normal blood film

25. Alpha thalassaemias
Much less common in our country than Beta thalassemias, and of much less clinical significance.
Due to reduced or absent synthesis of alpha () globin chains of hemoglobin.
(Alpha () chains are constituents of all three normal Hb A, A2 and F).

26. Genetics of Alpha thalassemias
There are two  genes on each of chromosome 16, so there is a total of 4  genes in the human genome.
The defects leading to alpha thalassemias are usually deletions removing one or both alpha genes.
o defects : if both  genes are deleted so no alpha chain production by chr. 16.
+ defect : if only one of the  genes is deleted, so the production of  chains is reduced.

27. An over-Simplified diagramatic representation of the + and o thalassaemia genetic defects
Normal  chain production  
Normal
 genome
Two  genes  +
One  gene
reduced  chain production
No Alpha chain production o
No  genes
Normal  gene
Deleted  gene

28. Incompatible with life 1. Hb Barts Hydropes Fetalis
Clinical Phenotypes of Alpha thalassaemia (relevant to number of alpha genes remaining): o
No alpha chains
No alpha genes o
Incompatible with life
1. Hb Barts Hydropes Fetalis +
Markedly reduced alpha chain production
One Alpha gene o
2. Hb H disease
Thalassaemia intermedia phenotype

29. Moderately reduced Alpha chains+
Two alpha genes
Moderately reduced Alpha chains +
3.  Thalassemia minor
Normal  genes
Three Alpha genes
Minimally reduced Alpha chains +
4. Silent  thal. carrier state

30. Hb Bart’s Hydrops Fetalis
Common only in SEA.
Genetics :
Due to inheritance of o defect from both parents, so (--/--). So no Hb F but 4 (Hb Barts) which is ineffective as an Oxygen carrier.
Clinical :
Death in utero, or within hours of birth.
CBP
Sever hypochromic anemia with marked anisopoikylocytosis.
Hb electrophoresis;
Electrophoresis :
~ 80% Hb Barts (4),

31. Hb Bart’s Hydrops Fetalis

32. Hemoglobin H disease
Common in South East Asia, less so in Mediterranean countries. Sporadic in Iraq.
The only clinical phenotype of alpha thalassaemia of clinical significance.
Due to deletion of three of the four normal alpha genes… so only one functional alpha gene is left with associated marked reduction in alpha chain production.

33. Blood film in Hb H disease

34. Clinical Features Very variable, variable pallor.
Variable degrees of splenomegaly.
Sometimes Jaundice.
Most unusual to see severe thalassaemic skeletal changes or growth retardation.
Usually survive to adult life.
Anemia aggravated by infections, oxidant drugs.
CBP
Sever hypochromic anemia with marked anisopoikylocytosis.
Hb electrophoresis;
Electrophoresis :
~ Shows Hb A with 5-40% Hb H.
On modification of the retics stain : characteristic Hb H inclusions could be seen in RBCs( Golf ball appearance).

35. Hb H preparation

36. Hemoglobin H disease

37. Alpha thalassemia minor
Due to deletion of two alpha genes, leaving only two alpha genes, so only moderate reduction of alpha chain production.
Clinical and blood picture, exactly the same as beta thalassaemia minor.
Hb electrophoresis shows Hb A, with normal or reduced Hb A2 and normal Hb F.

38. Normal blood film

39. Iron Deficiency Anemia

40. Blood Film in thal minor
Normal blood film
Thalassemia minor