1. Chapter 7 Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Georgia Average January Temperature

2. Chapter Overview Questions  What factors effect the earth’s climate?  How does climate determine where the earth’s major biome’s are found?

3. Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d)  What are the major types of desert biomes?  What are the major types of grassland biomes?  What are the major types of forest and mountain biomes?  How have human activities affected the world’s desert, grassland, forest, and mountain biomes?

4. Core Case Study- Blowing in the Wind: A Story of Connections  Wind connects most life on earth  Wind moderates temperature by distributing heat Keeps tropics from being unbearably hot. Keeps tropics from being unbearably hot. Prevents rest of world from freezing. Prevents rest of world from freezing.

5. Trade Winds: Engines of History

6. Similarities Between Wind & Water Currents? Global Ocean Currents

7. Core Case Study Blowing in the Wind: A Story of Connections Wind connects most life on earth.  Nutrients (PO 4 and Fe) from Africa to Bahamas and Brazil  Nutrients (Fe) from Gobi Desert (China) to Pacific Ocean phytoplankton Figure 5-1

8. Sahara Dust storms have increased 10x since the 1950s due to drought, overgrazing, and driving of SUVs on desert soils Red soil particles and US-banned pesticides blowing from Africa to Florida have made it difficult for FL to meet federal standards Iron-rich African dust contributes to Fl toxic algae blooms called “red tides”. Wind also transports microbes, particulates, pesticides, and toxic elements (Pb, Hg, Cd, etc) Toxics and dust from China contribute up to 10% of US West Coast smog.

9. CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION  Weather is a local area’s short-term physical conditions such as temperature and precipitation.  Climate is a region’s average weather conditions over a long time. Latitude and elevation help determine climate. Latitude and elevation help determine climate.

10. Earth’s Current Climate Zones Figure 5-2

11. Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing Heat  Finish these sentences: Warmer air ________ Cooler air _______ rises. sinks.

12. Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing Heat  Global air circulation is affected by the (1)uneven heating of the earth’s surface by solar energy, and (2)seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation.

13. Coriolis Effect  Global air circulation is affected by (3) the rotation of the earth on its axis. Next

14. Convection Currents  Global air circulation is affected by (4) the properties of air water, and land. Next

15. Convection Cells  Heat and moisture are distributed over the earth’s surface by vertical currents, which form six giant convection cells at different latitudes. Figure 5-6

16. Fig. 5-9, p. 106 Polar ice Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer High mountains Polar grassland (arctic tundra) Temperate grassland Tropical grassland (savanna) Chaparral Coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest Tropical forest Desert

17. Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients  Ocean currents influence climate by distributing heat from place to place and mixing and distributing nutrients. next

18. Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients  Global warming: Considerable scientific evidence and climate models indicate that large inputs of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic activities into the troposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse effect and change the earth’s climate in our lifetimes. Considerable scientific evidence and climate models indicate that large inputs of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic activities into the troposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse effect and change the earth’s climate in our lifetimes.

19. Rain Shadow Effect

20. Mojave Desert: Formed in the rain shadow of the Sierra Madre Range

21. http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/nam-ecoregions-list.htm Mojave Desert Joshua Trees

22. BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND  Different climates lead to different communities of organisms, especially vegetation. Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals. Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals. Each biome contains many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors. Each biome contains many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors.

23. BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND Figure 5-9

24. Fig. 5-9, p. 106 Polar ice Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer High mountains Polar grassland (arctic tundra) Temperate grassland Tropical grassland (savanna) Chaparral Coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest Tropical forest Desert

25. BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND  Biome type is determined by precipitation, temperature and soil type Next

26. Fig. 5-10, p. 107 Polar Rain forest Tropical seasonal forest Scrubland Savanna Desert Tropical Grassland Chaparral Deciduous Forest Coniferous forest Desert Temperate Subpolar Tundra Wet Cold Dry Hot

27. BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND  Parallel changes occur in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops. Figure 5-11

28. DESERT BIOMES  Deserts are areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation.  Deserts have little precipitation and little vegetation. Found in tropical, temperate and polar regions. Found in tropical, temperate and polar regions.  Desert plants have adaptations that help them stay cool and get enough water.

29. DESERT BIOMES  Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate and cold deserts. Figure 5-12

30. Fig. 5-12a, p. 109 Tropical Desert Example: Saudi Arabia Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

31. Fig. 5-12b, p. 109 Temperate Desert Example: Sonoran Desert, in southern Arizona Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

32. Fig. 5-12c, p. 109 Polar Desert Example: Gobi Desert in northern China and Mongolia Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point Mean monthly temperature (°C)

33. DESERT BIOMES  The flora and fauna in desert ecosystems adapt to their environment through their behavior and physiology. Figure 5-13

34. Does the desert biome have aesthetic value?

35. Mojave Desert (CA, USA)

36. Sonoran Desert, AZ, USA, and South into Mexico

37. GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES  Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue). Figure 5-14

38. Fig. 5-14a, p. 112 Tropical grassland a.k.a. “savanna” Example: Sub-Saharan Africa Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

39. Fig. 5-14b, p. 112 Temperate grassland Example: Great Plains of the United States Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

40. Fig. 5-14c, p. 112 Polar grassland: arctic tundra (different from alpine tundra) Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

41. GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES  Grasslands (prairies) occur in areas too moist for desert and too dry for forests.  Savannas are tropical grasslands with scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals.

42. Savanna- Tropical Grassland

44. Temperate Grasslands  Cold winters and hot dry summers Figure 5-15

45. Temperate Grasslands  Deep and fertile soil (rich in humus) that make them ideal for growing crops and grazing cattle. Figure 5-15

46. Temperate Grasslands  Temperate tall- grass prairie ecosystem in North America. Figure 5-16

47. Polar Grasslands a.k.a. Tundra  Polar grasslands are covered with ice and snow except during a brief summer. Figure 5-17

48. TUNDRA  Cold  Usually treeless  Largest biome  Low precipitation, but somewhat moist  Thin topsoil over permafrost  Nutrient poor

49. Fig. 5-17, p. 114 Moss campion Mountain Cranberry Lemming Dwarf Willow Willow ptarmigan Horned lark Arctic fox Snowy owl Mosquito Grizzly bear Long-tailed jaeger Caribou Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

50. Chaparral  Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires.  Primarily in California  Mediterranean climate Figure 5-18

51. FOREST BIOMES  Forests have enough precipitation to support stands of trees and are found in tropical, temperate, and polar regions.

52. FOREST BIOMES  Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and polar forests. Figure 5-19

53. Fig. 5-19a, p. 116 Tropical rain forest Examples: Amazon and Indonesia Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

54. Fig. 5-19b, p. 116 Temperate deciduous forest Example: Eastern US Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

55. Fig. 5-19c, p. 116 Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga) Examples: Northern Canada and Russia Mean monthly temperature (  C) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Month Freezing point

56. Tropical Rain Forest Figure 5-21

57. Tropical Rain Forest Figure 5-21

58. Tropical Rain Forest  Tropical rain forests have heavy rainfall and a rich diversity of species. Found near the equator. Found near the equator. Have year-round uniformity warm temperatures and high humidity. Have year-round uniformity warm temperatures and high humidity. Figure 5-20

59. Fig. 5-21, p. 118 Ground layer Black-crowned antipitta Brazilian tapir Woolly opossum Toco toucan Shrub layer Understory Canopy Emergent layer Height (meters) Harpy eagle

60. Tropical Rain Forest  Filling such niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition and coexist Figure 5-21

61. Temperate Deciduous Forest  Most of the trees survive winter by dropping their leaves, which decay and produce a nutrient- rich soil. Figure 5-22

62. Temperate Deciduous Forest Figure 5-22

63. Fig. 5-22, p. 120 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Wood frog Racer May beetle Bacteria Fungi Long-tailed weasel Shagbark hickory Mountain Winterberry Metallic wood-boring beetle and Larvae White-tailed deer White-footed mouse Gray Squirrel Hairy Woodpecker White oak Broad-winged hawk

64. Evergreen Coniferous Forests  Consist mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees that keep their needles year-round to help the trees survive long and cold winters. Figure 5-23

65. Temperate Rain Forests: Coastal OR, WA, & Northern CA Figure 5-24

66. MOUNTAIN BIOMES  High-elevation islands of biodiversity  Often have snow- covered peaks that reflect solar radiation and gradually release water from the “snowpack” to lower- elevation streams and ecosystems. Figure 5-25

67. HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES  Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than half of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.  Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains…

68. Fig. 7-20, p. 158 NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems Deserts Grasslands Forests Mountains Large desert cities Conversion to cropland Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development Agriculture Soil destruction by off-road vehicles Timber extraction Release of CO 2 to atmosphere from burning grassland Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Mineral extraction Soil salinization from irrigation Increasing tourism Overgrazing by livestock Depletion of groundwater Damage from off- road vehicles Urban air pollution Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra Pollution of forest streams Soil damage from off-road vehicles