1. 1Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

2.  Government, Politics, and Public Policy Government -Public institution with authority to allocate values through public policies Government -Public institution with authority to allocate values through public policies Public policy- Government action designed to meet a public need or goals as determined by elected or authorized officials Public policy- Government action designed to meet a public need or goals as determined by elected or authorized officials Politics- achieving and exercising positions of governance and organized control over a human community through a state 2Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

3.  Political Culture  Political culture  Attitudes, habits, and general behavior patterns that develop over time and affect the political life of state and region  Moralistic culture  Influences people to view political participation as their duty and to expect the government will be used to advance the public good  Originated with New England Puritanism 3Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

4.  Political Culture  Individualistic culture  Looks to government to maintain a stable society but with minimum intervention in the lives of the people.  Traditionalistic culture  A product of the Old South; uses government as a means of preserving the status quo and its leadership. 4Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

5.  Texas Political Culture  Texas individualism  Influenced by the frontier experience and inhabitants that created a sense of rugged individualism and limited government  Texas traditionalism  Influenced by Old South (“Jim Crow” laws), elitism, the patrón system, racism and conservatism  Changing due to influx of people from other states and countries 5Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

6.  The Politics of Geography  populations  25 million second largest Size  Texas is the second largest state in the U.S. after Alaska with more than 267,000 square miles.  Regions  Geographically, Texas has been divided into four physical regions. ■ Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and the Basin and Range Province 6Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

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8.  Economic Geography  Cattle  Origin traced to cattle transported from Spain to Mexico to Texas, resulted in the Texas longhorn  Production has declined, but Texas still leads the nation.  Cotton  Backbone of state’s economy in the 1900s  Texas yields about one-half of the nation’s cotton supply and 10% of the world’s. 8Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

9.  Economic Geography  Timber  Bonanza era (mid-1800s-1900s)  Effects of clear-cutting, oil exploration, drought and wildfire  Oil  Spindletop Field first major wells  Railroad Commission of Texas  Four of the ten largest oil fields are in Texas.  Deepwater Horizon explosion 9Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

10.  Demographic Features  Population Distribution  Densely populated eastern areas; sparsely populated arid regions in the west  Population shifts: rural to urban and cities to suburbs  Urbanization  1900: 80 percent rural  Today: 85 percent urban 10Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

11.  Demographic Features  Metropolitanization  Concentration of people in urban centers, become linked in a single geographic entity  Core-based statistical areas  Micropolitan statistical area  Metropolitan statistical area  Combined statistical area  Metropolitan division 11Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

12. 2010 U.S. Census Bureau Racial Categories White/Anglo 45.3 Hispanic /Latino 37.6 Black/African American 11.5 Asian 3.8 American Indian or Alaskan Native 0.3 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 0.1 Other or 2 or more races 1.3 12Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

13.  Anglos  All non-Latino whites  Included primarily English ancestry  In 2000, more than 52% of the population  In 2010, about 45% of the population  Latinos  In 1800s, were primarily in the Central and South Texas regions  In 2010, 37% of the population Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning13

14.  African Americans  Slavery in 16 th century  In 2010, more than 11% of the population  Gaining in political influence Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning14

15.  Asian Americans  Population of nearly I million  Most reside in Houston or Dallas areas  Native Americans  In 1900, 50 tribes or nations Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning15

16.  Texas oil and gas production are not expected to return to previous levels.  New industries have developed since the 1990s so Texas isn’t reliant on one industry.  As of 2012, Texas is second behind California with 52 of the 500 largest corporations. 16Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

17.  Energy  Enron  Fracking  Alternative fuel strategies  High Technology  Applies to research, development, manufacturing, and marketing of computers and other electronics  Higher wages for employees  Texas Emerging Technology Fund 17Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

18.  Biotechnology  Research, development, and production of medicines, chemicals, and other products  Investments and research combine both private and public (educational institutions) funds  Services  One of the fastest growing economic sectors involving health care, personal services, commercial services, education, banking, real estate, and merchandising institutions.  Lower wages than manufacturing 18Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

19.  Agriculture  Texas ranks 2 nd in agriculture production.  Size of Texas farms and the number of Texas farmers on decline partly due to labor-saving machinery and chemicals, but also urban sprawl  Trade  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)  Maquiladoras  Tensions along the border due to narcotics trade and increased drug gang violence 19Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

20.  Immigration: Federal and State Problems  Undocumented Aliens  1986 Immigration Control and Reform Act  1996 Immigration Control and Financial Responsibility Act  2002 Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act  2006 Secure Fence Act 20Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

21.  Water  Demand for water will increase by 22% by 2060  Texas Water Development Board  Environmental Protection  Texas leads the nation in many kinds of pollution.  Federal EPA enforcement of Clean Air Act  Endangered fish and wildlife species 21Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

22.  Education and Economic Development  Teacher shortages, students with limited English, high illiteracy rates  Race to the Top grant was rejected by Governor Rick Perry  Poverty and Social Problems  One out of every five Texas children live in poverty.  One-third of all Texans earn less than the federal poverty level. 22Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

23. 1.Evaluate the meaning of power, politics, and public policy in the role of government. 2.Describe the basic character of political culture and identify the two dominant political cultures in Texas. 3. Explain how the geography of Texas has fostered the development and growth of four land-based industries and trace the development of each industry. 23Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

24. 4.Analyze the impact of the 2011 drought on the Texas economy. 5.Compare the major racial and ethnic groups in Texas and the opportunities and challenges presented by their growth rates. 6.Identify the major challenges Texas faces in more effectively addressing immigration, protecting the environment, developing educational programs, and formulating policies for combating poverty and social problems. 24Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning