1. The World of Jim Crow
-- chapter 9, section 3 --

2. The Roots of Jim Crow Reconstruction 1877 = End of Reconstruction
Union troops enforce rights of former slaves in South
Blacks vote blacks into office
1877 = End of Reconstruction
No more Union troops to enforce rights
Freedoms begin to fade

3. Voting Restrictions
Concern = too much political power for blacks if they vote
1890s: voting restrictions emerge
Property requirement
Poll tax
Literacy tests
Grandfather clauses
Limit black voting w/out specifying

4. De Facto Segregation Segregation that simply results from tradition.
It exists in fact, but not in law.
Soon became legalized
Jim Crow laws required segregation in schools, parks, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, other public buildings.
Black facilities were always inferior.

5. Jim Crow Etiquette Keeping blacks “in their place”
System of etiquette requiring blacks to show deference to whites
Whites say, “Boy” or “(first name)”
Blacks say, “Mister” or “Sir”
Small breaches of etiquette:
Loss of job for blacks
Subjected to violence

6. Lynching
The seizure and execution of an accused person by a mob w/out a lawful trial.
Sometimes included a mock trial.
Sometimes victims were mutilated before being hanged or shot.
Lynchers were rarely pursued, caught, convicted, or punished.

7. WARNING The following are pictures of lynching. They are very graphic.
Please do not look if you cannot handle seeing such images.

8. Lige Daniels, 1920
Postcard depicting the lynching of Lige Daniels (Center, Texas, August 3, 1920)
The back reads, "This was made in the court yard in Center, Texas. He is a 16 year old Black boy. He killed Earl's grandma. She was Florence's mother. Give this to Bud. From Aunt Myrtle."

9. Jesse Washington, 1916
A postcard showing the burned body of Jesse Washington (Waco, Texas, 1916)
Washington was a 17-year-old retarded farmhand who had confessed to raping and killing a white woman.
He was castrated, mutilated, and burned alive by a cheering mob that included the mayor and the chief of police.

10. Jesse Washington, 1916
An observer wrote that "Washington was beaten with shovels and bricks. . . [he] was castrated, and his ears were cut off. A tree supported the iron chain that lifted him above the fire. . . Wailing, the boy attempted to climb up the skillet hot chain. For this, the men cut off his fingers."

11. Jesse Washington, 1916
This image is from a postcard, which said on the back, "This is the barbeque we had last night. My picture is to the left with a cross over it. Your son, Joe."

12. Will James, 1909
The circus-style lynching of Will James (Cairo, Illinois, 1909)

13. Duluth Lynching, 1920
In Duluth, Minnesota on June 15, 1920, three young African-American travelers were dragged from their jail cells (where they were confined after being accused of raping a white woman) and lynched by a mob believed to number more than one thousand.
This is a postcard of that lynching.

15. Northern Migration
Many African Americans moved north  de facto discrimination
Schools, housing, employment
Job competition in North creates fear.
RACE RIOTS!
NYC, 1900
Springfield, Illinois, 1908

16. It becomes LEGAL. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
Homer Plessy (1/8 African) buys a first-class train ticket from New Orleans. He refuses to sit in the black only car.
He is arrested.
Case reaches the Supreme Court.

17. Plessy vs. Ferguson
RULING: Segregation is legal as long as the separate facilities were equal to the whites’ facilities.
Separate but Equal=Legal Segregation

18. Resisting Discrimination
1905: Niagara Movement vows
Never to accept “inferiority”
Never to bow to “oppression”
Never to apologize “before insult”
Only 400 initial members
They are listened to after the 1908 Springfield Race Riots.

19. NAACP Mary White Ovington By 1914 White social worker
Organized a national conference to address the “Negro Question”
Founding of the NAACP
By 1914
50 branches w/ 6,000 members
Worked through the court system