1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 16 The Reproductive System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reproductive System  Gonads—primary sex organs  Testes in males  Ovaries in females  Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones  Sperm—male gametes  Ova (eggs)—female gametes

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Reproductive System Overview  Testes  Duct system  Epididymis  Ductus (vas) deferens  Urethra

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Reproductive System Overview  Accessory organs  Seminal vesicles  Prostate  Bulbourethral glands  External genitalia  Penis  Scrotum

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Reproductive System Figure 16.2a

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Reproductive System Figure 16.2b

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testes  Olive-sized  Coverings of the testes  Tunica albuginea—capsule that surrounds each testis, fibrous connective tissue  Septa—extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testes Figure 16.1

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testes  Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules  Tightly coiled structures  Function as sperm-forming factories  Empty sperm into the rete testis (first part of the duct system)  Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis  Interstitial cells in the seminiferous tubules produce androgens such as testosterone

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testes Figure 16.1

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Duct System  Epididymis  Ductus (vas) deferens  Urethra

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epididymis  Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube  Found on the superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side  Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days)  Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles in the epididymis walls to the vas deferens  About 6m long

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epididymis Figure 16.1

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)  Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct  Passes through the inguinal canal and over the bladder  Moves sperm by peristalsis(wave like motion of smooth muscles)  Spermatic cord—ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens) Figure 16.1

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)  Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra  Expanded end is called the ampulla  Ejaculation—smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward  Vasectomy  cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm  Sperm is still produced, but they eventually deteriorate and are reabsorbed.

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urethra  Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis  Carries both urine and sperm  Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urethra  Regions of the urethra  Prostatic urethra—surrounded by prostate  Membranous urethra—from prostatic urethra to penis  Spongy (penile) urethra—runs the length of the penis

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urethra Figure 16.2b

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Organs  Seminal vesicles  Prostate  Bulbourethral glands

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Organs Figure 16.2b

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seminal Vesicles  Located at the base of the bladder  Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen)  Fructose (sugar)  Vitamin C  Prostaglandins  Other substances that nourish and activate sperm

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Organs Figure 16.2b

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prostate  Size and shape of a chestnut  Encircles the upper part of the urethra  Secretes a milky fluid  Helps to activate sperm  Enters the urethra through several small ducts

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prostate  Reputation as a health destroyer  Hyertrophy (enlargement) – affects nearly every elderly male.  Difficulty urinating, bladder infections, kidney damage, cancer

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prostate Figure 16.2a

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bulbourethral Glands  Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate  Produces a thick, clear mucus  Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine  Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse  Secreted into the penile urethra

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bulbourethral Glands Figure 16.2a

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Semen  Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions  Advantages of accessory gland secretions  Fructose provides energy for sperm cells  Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina  Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication  Elements of semen enhance sperm motility  2-5mL of semen propelled during ejaculation  Contains 50-130 million sperm per mL

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Semen  Male infertility  Commonly caused by a problem with semen.  Sperm count, motility and morphology, semen volume, pH, fructose content

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Genitalia  Scrotum  Penis

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Genitalia Figure 16.2a

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Genitalia  Scrotum  Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen  Maintains testes at 3°C(about 5.5ºF) lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability  When it is cold out side the skin will become highly wrinkled and pull the testes closer to the body to be able to maintain temperature.

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Genitalia  Penis  Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract  Regions of the penis  Shaft  Glans penis (enlarged tip)  Prepuce (foreskin)  Folded cuff of skin around proximal end  Often removed by circumcision

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Genitalia Figure 16.2a

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Genitalia  Internally there are three areas of spongy erectile tissue around the urethra  Erections occur when this erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitement

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Genitalia Figure 16.1

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  McGraw-Hill video  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::53 5::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120112/anim0043.swf: :Spermatogenesis http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::53 5::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120112/anim0043.swf: :Spermatogenesis

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. Spermatogenesis  Production of sperm cells  Begins at puberty and continues throughout life  Occurs in the seminiferous tubules

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spermatogenesis Figure 16.3

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spermatogenesis Figure 16.3 (1 of 2)

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spermatogenesis Figure 16.3 (2 of 2)

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spermatogenesis  Spermatogonia (stem cells) undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty  Found on the outer edge of tubule  Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted by pituitary gland and modifies spermatogonia division  One cell produced is a stem cell, called a type A daughter cell  Stays at the tubule periphery  The other cell produced becomes a primary spermatocyte, called a type B daughter cell  Gets pushed toward the lumen

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spermatogenesis  Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis  Meiosis only happens in the gonads.  One primary spermatocyte produces four haploid spermatids  Spermatids—23 chromosomes (half as much material as other body cells)

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Life Cycle  Union of a sperm (23 chromosomes) with an egg (23 chromosomes) creates a zygote (2n or 46 chromosomes)

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Life Cycle Figure 16.4

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spermiogenesis  Late spermatids are produced with distinct regions  Head  Midpiece  Tail  Spermiogenesis – last stage of sperm development.  Excess cytoplasm is stripped away  Sperm cells result after maturing of spermatids  Spermatogenesis (entire process, including spermiogenesis) takes 64 to 72 days

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of a Sperm Figure 16.5b

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of a Sperm Figure 16.5a

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Mature Sperm Cell  The only human flagellated cell  Head  Contains DNA  Acrosome—“helmet” on the nucleus, similar to a large lysosome  Breaks down and releases enzymes to help the sperm penetrate an egg  Midpiece  Wrapped by mitochondria for ATP generation  Sperm in lumen are unable to “swim”. Moved through peristalsis to the epididymis

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental Threats  Alter the normal process of sperm formation  Ex. Antibiotics, lead, pesticides, marijuana, tobacco, excessive alcohol  Possible problems: two-headed, multiple- tailed ect.

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testosterone Production  The most important hormone of the testes  Produced in interstitial cells  During puberty, luteinizing hormone (LH) activate the interstitial cells  In turn, testosterone is produced

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testosterone Production  Functions of testosterone  Stimulates reproductive organ development  Underlies sex drive  Causes secondary sex characteristics  Deepening of voice  Increased hair growth  Enlargement of skeletal muscles  Thickening of bones

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Control of the Testis Figure 16.6