1. Knowledge-Based Systems INFO612 Professor: Dr. Rosina Weber

2. Copyright R. Weber What is AI (from R&N)

3. Copyright R. Weber What are knowledge-based systems? Systems that manipulate knowledge and reasoning to solve problems rationally. Examples of knowledge-based systems

4. Copyright R. Weber Introduction to knowledge-based systems -KBS-  GPS  input: problem  output: solution  expertise  how to represent expertise?

5. Copyright R. Weber How to represent expertise? represent knowledge represent reasoning

6. Copyright R. Weber Represent knowledge? What is knowledge? Knowledge representation formalisms rules cases semantic nets frames procedural knowledgedeclarative knowledge

7. Copyright R. Weber Represent reasoning deductive reasoning inductive reasoning analogical reasoning abductive reasoning

8. Copyright R. Weber How to represent and reason with knowledge in a computer program? (i) Algorithms and methodologies that control the proper application of knowledge towards its intended result. For example, case-based reasoning, expert systems, ontologies

9. Copyright R. Weber How to represent and reason with knowledge in a computer program? (ii) These methodologies reason with knowledge differently. When reasoning with knowledge to solve a problem, these methodologies perform tasks.

10. Copyright R. Weber AI tasks reading & understanding diagnosis configuration categorization classification creativity discovery speech recognition & synthesis obstacle avoidance NL generation NL understanding planning scheduling design prediction control monitoring analysis vision

11. Copyright R. Weber Knowledge-based methodologies Case-based reasoning Expert systems Ontologies Three different methods to organize knowledge and reason with it to perform a multitude of AI tasks

12. Copyright R. Weber Expert Systems ES are a methodology to develop computer programs that manipulate expertise to solve expert problems in specific domains. Rule-based expert systems represent knowledge through rules.

13. Copyright R. Weber Expert Systems A computer program designed to model the problem-solving ability of a human expert. (John Durkin, 1994) Working memory Knowledge base Inference engine Problem description solution

14. Copyright R. Weber expert solution Expert Systems Methodology knowledge base (e.g.,frames and methods) knowledge base (e.g.,frames and methods) explanation general knowledge user I n t e r f a c e user I n t e r f a c e expert problem inference engine (agenda) inference engine (agenda) working memory ( short-term mem/information ) working memory ( short-term mem/information ) Knowledge acquisition

15. Copyright R. Weber Expert Systems: history began 1965 at Stanford DENDRAL: a system that uses heuristics to generate structures of data to perform chemical analysis of the Martian soil and works as well as an expert chemist; the first program recognized to have succeeded due to the knowledge it contained instead of complex search techniques;

16. Copyright R. Weber Expert Systems: types Rule-Based Expert Systems backward-chaining or forward-chaining Logic-based (including using Fuzzy Logic) Frame-Based Expert Systems Hybrid Expert Systems Object-Oriented Expert Systems

17. Copyright R. Weber Expert Systems: applications Areas: agriculture, business, chemistry, communications, computer systems, education, electronics, engineering, law, manufacturing, mathematics, medicine, transportation, etc. Tasks: analysis, control, design, diagnosis, instruction, interpretation, monitoring, planning, prediction, prescription, selection and simulation.

18. Copyright R. Weber The similarity heuristic the reminding of a past episode that is similar to a current one so that one can apply a strategy/solution that has worked in a similar episode CBR assumptions similar problems have similar solutions problems recur (Leake, 1996)

19. Copyright R. Weber The CBR cycle Retrieve Reuse Revise (Review) Retain

20. nametaskauthorobs. ABBYRomantic advisor; retrieves a similar history DomeshekSocial context ALFAPredict power demandJabourSame result but faster than human experts ARCHIEArchitecture design of office buildings Goel, Kolodner CADETDesign of mechanical components Sycara, Navinchandra Abstract indexing allowed innovative design CASEYDiagnosis cause and prescribes solution to heart problems Kotonmodel-based Compaq SMART Diagnosis and repair; customer support help desks Acorn, Walden Uses Inference’s tool; can be used by up to 60 users at a time; shows that library engineering is necessary CHEFDesign of recipes to meet different simultaneous goals Hammond Memory started with 20 recipes and learned from user feedback CLAVIERDesign and evaluation of autoclave loading Barletta & Hennessy Interacts planning and scheduling COACHPlanning soccer gamesCollinsDebugging and fixing bad strategies; memory keeps strategies and the type of problem HYPOInterpretation and argumentation Rissland & Ashley Retrieves similar cases to create a point, a response, and a rebuttal using hypotheticals (Ashley, 1990) JUDGEDefines sentences of delinquent crimes based on the chances of repeating the crime and its severity BainIn case of not having a sufficient similar case, the system uses heuristics to determine the sentence

21. nametaskauthorobs. MEDIATO R Mediates conflicts by performing planning SimpsonKeeps in memory failed solutions and tries to avoid same failures in new solutions PERSUADE R Mediation of union negotiations; proposes solutions with arguments SycaraConsiders part’s goals and considers recent accepted solutions JULIADesing of meal planningHinrichsPlausible reasoning and design PLEXUSPlanning daily tasksAltermanAdapts the experience of riding the SF metro to reuse in NY PRODIGYPlanning and learningVeloso, Carbonell Demonstrated in a variety of domains PROTOSHeuristic classification for diagnosis Bareiss, Porter, Murray, Weir, Holte Automatic knowledge acquisition; good for weak theory domains SQUADSoftware quality control advisor Kitano20,000 cases in 1993 SWALEGenerates explanation of anomalous events in news stories Schank, Kass, Leake, Owens Searches for similar explanations for death and destruction such as the murdered spouse that was killed because of the insurance money just like the horse (SWALE) that was killed by its owner for the same reason Mostly from Kolodner 1993

22. nametaskauthorobs. CATOTutoring systemAleven/Ashle y Teaching law students to create argument PRUDENTIAJurisprudence research; textual CBR Weber, 1998Case retrieval HVAC systemTests air conditioning systems Watson, 2000Diagnosis and solutions to HVAC maintenance Operated by salespersons Western Australia The Auguste Project CBR is used to decide whether a patient benefits from a drug and RBR decides which drug to choose Marling 2001Planning ongoing care for AD (Alzheimer) cases based on strategies that worked better in past cases HICAPCase-based planningMunoz Avila 1999 Combines case-based planning with methods in planning NEO’s PRUDENTIAJurisprudence research; textual CBR Weber, 1998Case retrieval FormToolCBR in color matchingCheethamGE CRD Savings of 2.25 million per year in productivity and cost reduction DUBLETRecommends rental properties from different online sources Hurley, Wilson 2001 Is used on the web and in mobile phones Employs Information Extraction tools to gather info from the web- returns properties ranked according to similarity PTV (personalized TV listings) Each user receives a daily personalized TV listing specially compiled to suit each user’s individual preferences Cotter & Smyth Cbr and collaborative filtering CF makes a recommendation to a person because his or her profile is similar to other people who have chosen the recommended item. Recent applications Springer series on CBR Research and Development

23. Copyright R. Weber Ontologies A hierarchical model of domain knowledge where concepts are organized according to their commonalities and meaning Embedds knowledge about inter- relations between concepts (e.g., subsumptions) and their properties, plus axioms and rules.

24. Copyright R. Weber What are ontologies (in AI)? general view a formalism that represents shared conceptualizations and their interrelations in a domain (or subdomain) using a common vocabulary “Ontologies are explicit specifications of conceptualizations.” most cited definition from Gruber (1993) specific view an ontology is an explicit description of: concepts (or classes) in a domain properties of each concept describing various features and attributes and restrictions on the attributes (facets)

25. Copyright R. Weber Shared, Explicit, and Conceptual consensual knowledge not private to one individual, accepted by a group types and constraints are explicitly defined conceptual (abstract) model of a domain through its relevant concepts

26. Copyright R. Weber Taxonomies 1. The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships. 2. The science, laws, or principles of classification; systematics. 3. Division into ordered groups or categories: “Scholars have been laboring to develop a taxonomy of young killers” (American Heritage) Level 1

27. Copyright R. Weber Level 2

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31. Copyright R. Weber F I E L D S actio verbaction complement applicable actionconditions sugg verbsugg complement suggestionoriginating event Fields Level 2

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34. Copyright R. Weber Level 3