1. Educating the Student with ASD Beckie Rotondo and Marybeth Harmer Itinerant Autistic Support Teachers

2. Gaskins Overview formal resolution between the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) and a group of families and advocacy organizations who had filed a class-action lawsuit against PDE on behalf of a group of children with disabilities in 1994.

3. Gaskins… Goal is to ensure that the IEP team first considers the regular classroom with supplementary aids and services before considering a more restrictive environment Increase opportunities for students with disabilities to receive the supports and services needed to be educated with nondisabled peers in regular classrooms in their home schools

4. Supplemental Aids and Services Collaborative Adults working together to support students Instructional development and delivery of instruction that addresses diverse learning needs Physical adaptations and modifications to the physical environment Social-Behavioral supports and services to increase appropriate behavior and reduce disruptive or interfering behavior

5. DSM-IV General Deficit Areas of ASD Communication Social skills Restricted interests Sensory integration Behavior

6. Additional Core Deficits Difficulty identifying important global concepts and elements of tasks Difficulty with processing auditory information- understanding, retaining and retrieving Difficulty generalizing skills-skills must be taught in context Difficulty with sequencing information or steps in a task Difficulty with transitioning Difficulty with time concepts and time management Uneven academic, social, or emotional development (high functioning in some areas, low in others

7. What specifically is ASD??? Classic Autism usually non-verbal, unengaged, and unable to perform well on standard diagnostic tests. Affects communication, social skills, and verbal/nonverbal play Sometimes paired with Mental Retardation High Functioning Autism use meaningful language, read, write, do math, show affection, complete daily tasks but can't hold eye contact, maintain a conversation, engage in play, pick up on social cues

8. PDD-NOS “catch all” all function levels whose symptoms don't fully correlate with classic autism Asperger Syndrome Affects the same triad of impairments as autism Usually average to above average intelligence Diagnosed around or after age 3

9. Autism vs. Asperger Syndrome the child is very intelligent he or she is endowed with special abilities in certain areas of interest the child first shows symptoms in the third year or later the child develops highly grammatical speech very early

10. Why do educators need to know about ASD? represent the fastest growing diagnosis within the disability category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)-US Dept. of Education Affects children of all socioeconomic strata, cultures, and race Increased identification will raise the number of children found in every school Estimated cost of $90 billion per year according to the ASA

11. How does ASD affect learning and behavior? Affects the neurodevelopment, resulting in distinct learning and behavioral styles Underlying biological/genetic cause that produces organic and/or physical changes during brain development-resulting in atypical cognitive and social development Affects individuals uniquely Affects the ability to integrate sensory information and regulate emotions

12. Role of General Educators in IEP Provide information about how the included student performs academically and socially in the general education setting Identify types and amounts of support students may need in their classroom (SAS) Regular education classroom teachers are an integral member of the IEP team for the included student For students not yet included, special area teachers are extremely important IEP team members

13. Interventions and Strategies for Students with ASD No single intervention or strategy has proven to be successful for all students with ASD To maximize the effect of the intervention, consider the student’s following: Communication proficiency Preferred mode of communication Cognitive ability Learning style

14. Interventions and Strategies for Students with ASD Students with ASD require direct instruction in all areas due to the difficulty with generalization Interventions/strategies must be connected to and generalized across settings, partners, materials, etc.

15. Strategies to Facilitate Successful Inclusion Consistent classroom routines Provide visual schedules, rules, choice boards and instructions (either pictures or words) Social stories (see an AS teacher for details) Be aware of situations causing anxiety and stress-the AS teacher should give specific examples and provide strategies to ease frustration or anxiety

16. Strategies… Plan for transition or changes in schedule- transition cue, schedule changes written in different color, discuss changes with student prior to event happening if possible Be cognizant of specially-designed instruction as per IEP-preferential seating, peer buddy, writing accommodations, etc. (Goals at a Glance or Meet ____) Highlight directions or tasks, number steps, provide an example Simplify directions

17. More strategies Make sure purpose of activity is clearly explained…students with ASD have difficulty making inferences Use subjects or items of interest to increase motivation and participation Scripts for group work Color coding subject areas…folders and notebooks for organization Clearly identify where items should go

18. Communication Concerns Difficulty with answering “wh” questions Difficulty with understanding figurative language, persuasive techniques, idioms, words with multiple meanings Difficulty finding most important details or information-stories and text

19. Strategies for Improving Communication Skills Preteach new concepts and content vocabulary prior to group instruction Model procedures, expectations, thinking strategies, or directions Post visual reminders for components of essential concepts or questions (posting subject goals, objectives, content vocabulary)

20. Communication Strategies Pair verbal instructions with visual cues Identify verbally and visually when transitions occur Use auditory signals to alert students of important information, repeat information Provide handouts for information being taught orally (key words, open notes)

21. Communication Strategies Be careful of comments or information you say around students with ASD, they may copy it or repeat it out of context Try to avoid assessments that rely heavily on essay or short answer questions (fill in the blank or multiple choice are better)

22. More Communication Strategies Provide communication supports to help with student independence in initiating conversations (choice cards for asking for help) Encourage conversations, pull more language, don’t except one word answers If you know about an event a student participated in ask the student about it, try to engage student in a conversation about it

23. Sensory Integration Issues Sensory integration refers to the manner in which the brain processes, organizes and interprets information coming from the sensory system Students with ASD have a variety of sensory impairments Difficulty with gross and fine motor movements, locating their bodies in space, and regulating the level of sensory input

24. Sensory Difficulties Students with ASD may have difficulty with sensory processing in the following areas: -Sensitivity/insensitivity to sensory information -Attention and focus -Regulation of activity level -Transitions to between activities -Control of impulses, behaviors, and/or fear in dangerous situations -Oral Motor (objects in mouth, etc) -Recognition of personal space

25. Sensory Accommodations to Promote Focus Locate student desk in an area that will allow the students to adjust to changes Clearly defined areas within the classroom (work, leisure, break, prohibited areas) Seat cushions Provide opportunities for movement (songs, exercises during transitions) Suggest a sensory break (walk, deliver note or books to other teacher)

26. Sensory Accommodations: Writing Allow student to type assignments (Alpha Smart) Use graph paper to organize math problems and lined paper for writing tasks Pencil grips Mechanical pencils (students who press too hard) Markers (students who press too lightly)

27. More Writing Accommodations Use slant board Remind students to hold paper with non dominant hand Shortened writing assignments, multiple choice options, fill in the blank, provide answers orally Peer note taker

28. Accommodations for Sensory Sensitivities Menu or choice card for sensory breaks/stress release activities (leave noise environment, etc) Have “obsessive”/stress release items in a designated place. Provide clears instructions of when, where and how items can be used Approach student from front if possible Have student use headphones in loud/over stimulating situations Students with sensory difficulties should not be denied breaks, recess or P.E class

29. Socialization/Social Skills Students with ASD may exhibit deficits in some or all of the following: Engaging in reciprocal interactions Maintaining eye contact Attention to gestures or facial expressions Conforming to rules of social behavior Engaging in conversations on nonpreferred topics

30. Social Skill Deficits: Transitioning between conversation topics Feeling empathy Engaging others appropriately in social situations Initiating, terminating, and repairing conversations Understanding importance of small talk and other social speech

31. Strategies to Improve Social Skills Provide explicit instruction and reminders of conversation etiquette Teach students to recognize facial features/emotions in others Practice newly learned skills in various settings Practice a menu of relaxation strategies and/or establish code words to use when they are upset Card system for high stress time Stress thermometer

32. Strategies to Improve Social Skills, cont. Social stories Practice transitions Teach acceptance of student differences Increase student engagement with visual cues

33. Behavioral Issues Students with ASD may exhibit immature or developmentally inappropriate behaviors Outbursts may result from frustration, anxiety, communication frustration, social interactions

34. Strategies for Minimizing Inappropriate Behaviors Ritualistic and Compulsive Intervene early before behavior turns into a habit Teach when the behavior may occur Teach replacement behavior

35. Strategies for Minimizing Inappropriate Behaviors Impulsivity Manage the environment to minimize impulsive behaviors Social stories Rehearse appropriate behaviors

36. Strategies for Minimizing Inappropriate Behaviors Stereotypic Develop a sensory diet Develop a menu of appropriate sensory interventions to aid with sensory regulation Squeezing a koosh ball, swinging, asking for a break, computer time, weighted belt

37. Strategies for Minimizing Inappropriate Behaviors Aggression Remove or minimize environmental stressors that trigger behaviors Clearly define all components of a task Provide clear directions Be aware of any possible aggressive behaviors via individual behavior plans as designed by the classroom teacher-follow plans as directed If a behavior is escalating to a form of physical aggression, notify the teacher immediately Do not intervene or try to deal with behavior if child is in physical danger or others are in danger

38. Strategies for Minimizing Inappropriate Behaviors Inappropriate social interactions Rehearse appropriate social interactions Reward appropriate behaviors Use social stories

39. Restricted Interests These subjects dominate their concentration and contribute to their inability to transition and their inflexibility Stereotypical behaviors may include Repeated hand and body movements Atypical response pattern to stimuli Difficulties with attention Obsession with certain objects or parts of objects Watching environmental stimuli such as lights, sounds, etc.

40. Strategies for Accommodating Restrictive Interests Allow breaks to pursue their own interests-strict time limit Introduce new activities related to interest

41. References (2005).http://www.pde.state.pa.us/special_edu/lib/special_edu/Settlement_Agre ement-FINAL_%28no_draft%29.pdf. Retrieved October 21, 2007, from Pennsylvania Department of Education Web site: http://www.pde.state.pa.us/http://www.pde.state.pa.us/ View the entire Settlement Agreement at: www.pde.state.pa.us/special_edu/lib/special_edu/Settlement_Agreement.pdf. www.pde.state.pa.us/special_edu/lib/special_edu/Settlement_Agreement.pdf National Education Association, (2006).The Puzzle of Autism. 1, 1-33.

42. Thank You! A huge thank you to the staff for your continued flexibility, cooperation, and support in working with our students! We so appreciate it!!!