1. Vaccines

2.  Learning Intention:  Today we are learning and exploring the importance of vaccines on our and the community’s health.  Success Criteria:  We know we are successful when we have: Taken good notes on the importance of vaccines Watched the videos related to the discussion Been personally engaged in our learning

3. How Do Vaccines Work? During natural infection: The immune system recognizes a pathogen as foreign and makes an immune response to it. When a pathogen causes an immune response, it is known as an antigen. Unfortunately, while the immune response is gaining strength, the person is likely to be ill as the struggle between the pathogen and the immune response is decided.

4. How Do Vaccines Work? During natural infection: One part of the immune response creates antibodies Antibodies are specific to antigens and have the ability to remember them, so that if the same (or a very similar) antigen tries to infect the person again, the immune response will be stronger and faster thereby protecting the person from infection—and illness.

5. What Is a Vaccine ? A vaccine is the deliberate stimulation of adaptive immunity. Work by mimicking what happens during natural infection without causing illness. Use altered versions of viruses or bacteria to trigger an immune response.

6. What is a Vaccine? Are the most effective means of controlling infectious diseases. Not only protect those who get them, but they also help keep diseases at bay in the community; this is called herd immunity.

7. How Do Vaccines Work ? The immune system recognizes the vaccine as foreign and makes an immune response to it. The vaccine serves as an antigen in that it causes the immune system to respond to it.

8. How Do Vaccines Work ? Antibodies are specific to the vaccine and have the ability to remember it, so that if the vaccine or a very similar antigen is seen again, the immune response will be stronger and faster thereby protecting the person from infection.

9. How do Vaccines Work?  The main difference between a vaccine and natural infection is that the person does not become ill while the immune system is responding to the vaccine.

10. How Are Vaccines Made ? Vaccines are made by: Weakening the virus Inactivating the virus Using part of the virus or bacteria Inactivating a toxin (poison) made by the bacteria

11. How Vaccines Work Video: How Vaccines Work

12. How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe and Effective? Phase I studies Use fewer than 100 volunteers Answer the questions Is the vaccine safe? Does it trigger an immune response? Phase II studies Use a few hundred volunteers Use the type of people likely to get the vaccine

13. How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe and Effective ? Phase III studies Use more than 5,000 volunteers across a large geographical area Use the type of people who will get the vaccine All data is submitted to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) FDA reviews all data and determines whether the vaccine can be licensed and sold

14. How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe and Effective? Phase IV studies Vaccines continue to be monitored for safety even after they are being used. Sometimes rare side effects are found after the vaccine is given to a large number of people Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is monitored by the CDC Can include data from selected health departments or health maintenance groups

15. Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC Infants and Children 0 Through 6 Years of Age

16. Infants and Children 0 Through 6 Years of Age – Vaccines Hepatitis B Rotavirus Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis (DTaP) Haemophilus influenzae type b Pneumococcus (pneumonia) Polio Influenza Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) Varicella (chicken pox) Hepatitis A

17. Children and Teens 7 Through 18 Years of Age Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC

18. Children and Teens 7 Through 18 Years of Age – Vaccines Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (DTaP) Human papillomavirus (HPV) Meningococcus (meningitis) Influenza (flu)

19. Adolescents and Teens May Need to “Catch-up” on Certain Vaccines Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Poliovirus Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) Varicella (chicken pox)

20. Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC Adults

21. Most adults don’t realize there are times when they, too, need vaccines: At certain ages During pregnancy Before travel For occupational risks When they have certain medical conditions

22. Vaccines for Adults Td/Tdap (tentus, diphtheria & pertussis) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Varicella (chicken pox) Herpes Zoster (shingles) Measles, Mumps and Rubella Influenza (flu) Pneumococcal (pneumonia) Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Meningococcus (meningitis)

23. Vaccines & Autism  The myth began after a small study published in 1998 in the Lancet by Andrew Wakefield and colleagues at Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine in London suggested that childhood vaccines might cause some cases of autism.small study  After independent scientists repeatedly challenged the veracity of the 1998 paper, many of Wakefield’s coauthors withdrew their names from the publication.withdrew their names

24. Vaccines and Autism  Journalist Brian Deer may finally put the matter to rest. An experienced investigative reporter, he tracked down and interviewed the original participants in Wakefield’s study. He also compared medical records with what was published in the 1998 study. It turns out that Wakefield wasn’t just misinterpreting data — he was making much of it up.Brian Deer

25. Vaccines and Autism  Study after study has proven that there is no connection between Autism and vaccines.  No study has ever been able to reproduce the results of Andrew Wakefield’s study

26. Vaccines and Autism  So what should you take away?  Vaccines are safe!  Vaccines are perhaps the single greatest medical advancement.