1. Imperialism, Alliances, and the Road to War

2. 1850-1900 Europe exercised influence over rest of world: emigrants streamed out Europe exercised influence over rest of world: emigrants streamed out almost all of Africa divided b/t European nations, dominance formed a world economy almost all of Africa divided b/t European nations, dominance formed a world economy Fostered hostility and competition in Europe and a terrible war that undermined it’s strength Fostered hostility and competition in Europe and a terrible war that undermined it’s strength peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the West, treated Germany harshly peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the West, treated Germany harshly frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed Europe’s peace, prosperity and dominance frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed Europe’s peace, prosperity and dominance

3. Expansion of European Power and New Imperialism Explosive developments in science, industry agriculture and military powered Europe Explosive developments in science, industry agriculture and military powered Europe allowed a few Europeans to impose will on others allowed a few Europeans to impose will on others Science Science Improved medicine- Anesthesia and antiseptics, Quinine to control malaria Improved medicine- Anesthesia and antiseptics, Quinine to control malaria Improved sanitation = healthier population Improved sanitation = healthier population Europeans had another weapon: Europeans had another weapon: they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s

4. 19 th Century Military advantages Europeans had another weapon: Europeans had another weapon: they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s EuropeNon-European Areas Firepower- Minié ball (bullet) Breech-loading rifle Machine gun – 1883 Maxim gun Africa- Spears and Cowhide Shields India and China- Muskets and Cannons Japan- Swords, Muskets and Cannons Ironclad shipsChina- Wooden “junks” Mass productionHand made production

5. The New Imperialism Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867 Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867 contradicted capitalism contradicted capitalism After 1867 After 1867 European states spread control over 1/5 world land area: European states spread control over 1/5 world land area: Invested capital in less industrialized countries Invested capital in less industrialized countries transform local economy and culture and would loan money or intimidate local rulers transform local economy and culture and would loan money or intimidate local rulers Failing that dominant power would establish more direct political control Failing that dominant power would establish more direct political control full annexation full annexation Colony Colony Protectorate Protectorate ”spheres of influence” ”spheres of influence”

6. Motives for the New Imperialism: The Economic Interpretation Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism” Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism” European powers didn’t make full monopoly European powers didn’t make full monopoly not many colonies formed not many colonies formed

7. Cultural, Religious, and Social Interpretations Justifications for imperialism Justifications for imperialism duty to bring civilization to backward peoples duty to bring civilization to backward peoples tool of social policy tool of social policy Britain Britain Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as source of profit to finance welfare Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as source of profit to finance welfare some argued colonies would attract a country’s excess population some argued colonies would attract a country’s excess population most went to America) most went to America)

8. Imperialism and European Society Policies in colonial possessions were often used as test beds for social policy at home; hospitals, schools, law enforcement, and infrastructure was often tested in colonies. Policies in colonial possessions were often used as test beds for social policy at home; hospitals, schools, law enforcement, and infrastructure was often tested in colonies. Imperialistic ventures were used as nationalistic propaganda at home and was a way of forming national unity in the face of class tensions. Imperialistic ventures were used as nationalistic propaganda at home and was a way of forming national unity in the face of class tensions. Liberals often opposed imperial ventures where conservatives favored them. Liberals often opposed imperial ventures where conservatives favored them.

9. The British Empire India India By the mid 1850’s, most of the local Indian states were controlled by the East India Company. By the mid 1850’s, most of the local Indian states were controlled by the East India Company. In 1857, Indian troops rebelled against British rule in the Great Mutiny (aka the Sepoy Rebellion). In 1857, Indian troops rebelled against British rule in the Great Mutiny (aka the Sepoy Rebellion). Began as a result of BEIC abuses, cultural frictions, and rumors of pig and cow fat used in powder charges (insult to Hindus and Muslims) Began as a result of BEIC abuses, cultural frictions, and rumors of pig and cow fat used in powder charges (insult to Hindus and Muslims) As a result, the British government took direct rule of India in 1858 (British Raj) As a result, the British government took direct rule of India in 1858 (British Raj) Independence movement had to find balance of positive and negative aspects of British rule – Indian National Congress Independence movement had to find balance of positive and negative aspects of British rule – Indian National Congress

10. Execution of Sepoys: “The Devil’s Wind”

11. Indian National Congress (formed in 1885) Educated Indians, predominantly Hindu, demanded increasing equality & self-gov't Educated Indians, predominantly Hindu, demanded increasing equality & self-gov't India became independent in 1946 (just after WWII) India became independent in 1946 (just after WWII)

12. The British Empire China China The British established a trade system of importing opium from India to China in return for tea during the 19 th century. The British established a trade system of importing opium from India to China in return for tea during the 19 th century. When the Chinese government attempted to stop this, Britain went to war with China in 1842 (the Opium War). When the Chinese government attempted to stop this, Britain went to war with China in 1842 (the Opium War). China was quickly defeated, resuming the import of opium and Britain annexed Hong Kong in 1842. China was quickly defeated, resuming the import of opium and Britain annexed Hong Kong in 1842. As a result of further conflict, namely the Taiping Rebellion, China gave away more of its sovereignty. As a result of further conflict, namely the Taiping Rebellion, China gave away more of its sovereignty.

13. Strategic and Political Interpretations: the Scramble for Africa Great Britain Great Britain Only power w/extensive overseas holdings on eve of the scramble Only power w/extensive overseas holdings on eve of the scramble Britain purchased major interest in Suez canal 1875 Britain purchased major interest in Suez canal 1875 when Egypt troubled, British established control/advanced into Sudan when Egypt troubled, British established control/advanced into Sudan

15. North Africa Who took over N. Africa Who took over N. Africa How was the take over of North Africa unique? How was the take over of North Africa unique? What specific territories were taken over? What specific territories were taken over?

16. Egypt Who took over Egypt Who took over Egypt How was the take over of Egypt unique? How was the take over of Egypt unique? What issues made Egypt a complicated territory to control? What issues made Egypt a complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken over? What specific territories were taken over?

17. The Belgian Congo Who took over the Congo Who took over the Congo How was the take over of the Congo unique? How was the take over of the Congo unique? What issues made the Congo a complicated territory to control? What issues made the Congo a complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken over? What specific territories were taken over?

18. France and Smaller Nations 1830 1830 sent expedition to attack pirates in Algiers sent expedition to attack pirates in Algiers extended their control extended their control took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West Africa, Congo and Madagascar took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West Africa, Congo and Madagascar smaller states acquired new African colonies smaller states acquired new African colonies compelled Britain to expand compelled Britain to expand political status equated with # of colonies political status equated with # of colonies

19. Germany: Bismarck declared protectorates over Bismarck declared protectorates over Southwest Southwest East Africa East Africa Togoland Togoland Cameroons Cameroons acquired only for diplomatic position acquired only for diplomatic position

20. The Irrational Element Germany’s annexations started scramble Germany’s annexations started scramble areas not profitable/strategic areas not profitable/strategic In Asia, Japan emerged as great power In Asia, Japan emerged as great power Frightened other powers interested in China Frightened other powers interested in China Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of Liaotung Peninsula Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of Liaotung Peninsula US proposed Open Door Policy 1899 US proposed Open Door Policy 1899 became informal protectorate for all of Western Hemisphere became informal protectorate for all of Western Hemisphere By turn of century By turn of century most of world came under industrialized West(except for Ottoman Empire most of world came under industrialized West(except for Ottoman Empire fate closely tied w/European developments) fate closely tied w/European developments)

21. Reactions to Imperialism

22. Egypt, 1798-1882 – Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt after French leave and Ottomans are ineffective – Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia  Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism  Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal – Modernization policy had mixed results – Egyptian power underscores Ottoman weakness

23. Carved into spheres of influence in late 19th century - Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan each came to control a piece of eastern China Carved into spheres of influence in late 19th century - Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan each came to control a piece of eastern China Dr. Sun Yat-sen Dr. Sun Yat-sen Sought to overthrow the Manchu Sought to overthrow the Manchu Sparked the beginning of a Chinese nationalist movement Sparked the beginning of a Chinese nationalist movement Open Door Policy, Open Door Policy, sponsored by the U.S. in 1899, sought to open commerce to imperial latecomers sponsored by the U.S. in 1899, sought to open commerce to imperial latecomers Urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China while respecting its territorial integrity. Urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China while respecting its territorial integrity. China 1800-1914

24. China, 1800-1914 The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900  Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive Europeans out of China  Western victory results in more concessions from China to the West  Promoters of modernization in China opposed by Empress Cixi who served as regent to emperor Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu dynasty in 1911 Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu dynasty in 1911

25. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “55 Days at Peking.”

26. Anti-colonial revolts Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at discrimination Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at discrimination Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent past Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent past Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern institutions Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern institutions – Young Turks – African National Congress (South Africa)

27. Imperialism Cultural Effects Artifacts and ideas from non-European sources influenced artists like Gauguin and Picasso - Primitivism Artifacts and ideas from non-European sources influenced artists like Gauguin and Picasso - Primitivism Authors like Kipling and Conrad wrote from their own experiences both the pro and con views of Imperialism Authors like Kipling and Conrad wrote from their own experiences both the pro and con views of Imperialism Kipling- White Man’s Burden Kipling- White Man’s Burden Conrad – Heart of Darkness Conrad – Heart of Darkness

28. Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-1890)

29. German Empire revolutionized diplomacy German Empire revolutionized diplomacy Britain/Russia retained standings Britain/Russia retained standings Austria severely weakened Austria severely weakened nationalism threatened disintegration nationalism threatened disintegration France damaged by Franco-Prussian War France damaged by Franco-Prussian War afraid of new neighbor afraid of new neighbor

30. Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-1890) After 1871, Bismarck declared Germany satisfied After 1871, Bismarck declared Germany satisfied didn’t want territory didn’t want territory afraid of war afraid of war cooled French resentment cooled French resentment prevented alliance of France w/another nation prevented alliance of France w/another nation

31. War in the Balkans Bismarck established Three Emperors’ League: Bismarck established Three Emperors’ League: Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873) Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873) Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War in 1875 Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War in 1875 Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to rebel Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to rebel Russia joined fray Russia joined fray Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace: Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace: Treaty of San Stefano:(1878) Treaty of San Stefano:(1878) Russian victory Russian victory got money/land, got money/land, alarmed other powers, jingoism: superpatriotism alarmed other powers, jingoism: superpatriotism

32. The Congress of Berlin Disraeli sent fleet to Constantinople Disraeli sent fleet to Constantinople Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin under Bismarck Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin under Bismarck Bulgaria reduced, Bulgaria reduced, Austria-Hungary given Bosnia/Herzegovina Austria-Hungary given Bosnia/Herzegovina some territories divided up some territories divided up Balkan states annoyed by settlement Balkan states annoyed by settlement resented Austrian occupation resented Austrian occupation south Slavic question a threat to Europe south Slavic question a threat to Europe

33. German Alliances with Russia and Austria Bismarck made secret treaty w/Austria Bismarck made secret treaty w/Austria Would aid each other if attacked by Russia Would aid each other if attacked by Russia Frightened Russia into bargaining w/Germany Frightened Russia into bargaining w/Germany Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans w/Austria Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans w/Austria

34. The Triple Alliance Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria and Germany 1882 Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria and Germany 1882 Bismarck negotiated the Reinsurance Treaty Bismarck negotiated the Reinsurance Treaty Russia would stay neutral if attacked Russia would stay neutral if attacked William II gained German throne in 1888 William II gained German throne in 1888 Impetuous Impetuous disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an empire disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an empire

35. Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907) Franco-Russian Alliance Franco-Russian Alliance after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890 after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890 system of alliances collapsed system of alliances collapsed succeeded by General Leo von Caprivi succeeded by General Leo von Caprivi alienated Russia alienated Russia drove Russians toward France drove Russians toward France alliance against Germany signed 1894 alliance against Germany signed 1894

36. Britain and Germany Germany became enemy in British eyes Germany became enemy in British eyes overtook British production overtook British production William II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mind William II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mind Barred British attempts to build railroad from Capetown to Cairo Barred British attempts to build railroad from Capetown to Cairo other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that Germany could make trouble for them other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that Germany could make trouble for them Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, doomed to failure, doomed to failure, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain, they abandoned friendship wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain, they abandoned friendship At first, Britain wasn’t concerned At first, Britain wasn’t concerned embarrassed from Boer war embarrassed from Boer war tried to make Alliance tried to make Alliance Germans refused, held out for greater concessions Germans refused, held out for greater concessions

37. The Entente Cordiale British ended “splendid isolation” British ended “splendid isolation” Allied w/Japan to defend against Russia, Allied w/Japan to defend against Russia, settled differences w/France settled differences w/France after Russo-Japanese War of 1905 after Russo-Japanese War of 1905 British apprehension toward Russia was lowered British apprehension toward Russia was lowered

38. The First Moroccan Crisis 1905, William II tried instigating independence in Morocco 1905, William II tried instigating independence in Morocco challenge to France challenge to France Germans demanded international conference to show power Germans demanded international conference to show power met in 1906 in Spain met in 1906 in Spain Austria sided w/Germans Austria sided w/Germans Spain sided w/Britain/ France: Spain sided w/Britain/ France: Germany overplayed their hand, pushed France/Britain together Germany overplayed their hand, pushed France/Britain together

39. British Agreement with Russia With French support With French support British made agreement with Russia like Entente Cordiale British made agreement with Russia like Entente Cordiale settled quarrels in Asia settled quarrels in Asia Triple Entente formed vs. Triple Alliance Triple Entente formed vs. Triple Alliance Germany felt encircled Germany felt encircled let up on Austria in Dual Alliance let up on Austria in Dual Alliance Bismarck’s alliances shattered Bismarck’s alliances shattered

40. The Road to War (1908-1914) Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Peninsula, Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Peninsula, mostly nationalist Slavs, mostly nationalist Slavs, wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia especially); wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia especially); Young Turks brought revolution in Ottoman Empire 1908 Young Turks brought revolution in Ottoman Empire 1908 threatened to revive it and stop European powers from pouncing on its corpse threatened to revive it and stop European powers from pouncing on its corpse

41. The Bosnian Crisis 1908, 1908, Austria/Russia made deal: Austria/Russia made deal: Russia would support annexation of Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria supported opening of Dardanelles to Russian warships Russia would support annexation of Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria supported opening of Dardanelles to Russian warships Austria annexed 1 st Austria annexed 1 st Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Britain/France; Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Britain/France; Serbs frustrated by annexation, Serbs frustrated by annexation, Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s refusal Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s refusal

42. The Second Moroccan Crisis Germany sent gunboat Panther to Morocco Germany sent gunboat Panther to Morocco angered Britain angered Britain turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto alliance turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto alliance

43. War in the Balkans Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire, Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire, forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan states to attack forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan states to attack – in 1912, many states attacked empire/won easily – in 1912, many states attacked empire/won easily dispute over division of territory, dispute over division of territory, 2 nd Balkan War in 1913 2 nd Balkan War in 1913 Austria determined to suppress Slavs Austria determined to suppress Slavs Serbs retreat Serbs retreat Austrians got better results from brute force than diplomacy Austrians got better results from brute force than diplomacy