1. LIMBIC SYSTEM NBIO 401 Robinson

2. Objectives: -1) Be able to describe the major inputs and outputs, function, and the consequences of lesions or electrical stimulation for each of the six components of the limbic system that we described (i.e., hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei) -2) Be able to describe the basic interconnections of the limbic system, and what fibers are in the three main fiber tracks described in the lecture: a) the stria terminalis, b) the fornix, and c) the medial forebrain bundle. -3) Be able to describe the location of these tracks in the brain. -4) Be able to explain the three ways in which it hypothalamic activity can act to maintain homeostasis. -5) Be able to explain the different mechanisms through which the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. -6) Know the two functions of cortical input to the limbic system that we discussed.

3. Objectives: -1) Be able to describe the major inputs and outputs, function, and the consequences of lesions or electrical stimulation for each of the six components of the limbic system that we described (i.e., hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei) -2) Be able to describe the basic interconnections of the limbic system, and what fibers are in the three main fiber tracks described in the lecture: a) the stria terminalis, b) the fornix, and c) the medial forebrain bundle. -3) Be able to describe the location of these tracks in the brain. -4) Be able to explain the three ways in which it hypothalamic activity can act to maintain homeostasis. -5) Be able to explain the different mechanisms through which the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. -6) Know the two functions of cortical input to the limbic system that we discussed.

4. Objectives: -1) Be able to describe the major inputs and outputs, function, and the consequences of lesions or electrical stimulation for each of the six components of the limbic system that we described (i.e., hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei) -2) Be able to describe the basic interconnections of the limbic system, and what fibers are in the three main fiber tracks described in the lecture: a) the stria terminalis, b) the fornix, and c) the medial forebrain bundle. -3) Be able to describe the location of these tracks in the brain. -4) Be able to explain the three ways in which it hypothalamic activity can act to maintain homeostasis. -5) Be able to explain the different mechanisms through which the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. -6) Know the two functions of cortical input to the limbic system that we discussed.

5. Objectives: -1) Be able to describe the major inputs and outputs, function, and the consequences of lesions or electrical stimulation for each of the six components of the limbic system that we described (i.e., hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei) -2) Be able to describe the basic interconnections of the limbic system, and what fibers are in the three main fiber tracks described in the lecture: a) the stria terminalis, b) the fornix, and c) the medial forebrain bundle. -3) Be able to describe the location of these tracks in the brain. -4) Be able to explain the three ways in which it hypothalamic activity can act to maintain homeostasis. -6) Be able to explain the different mechanisms through which the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. -7) Know the two functions of cortical input to the limbic system that we discussed.

6. Objectives: -1) Be able to describe the major inputs and outputs, function, and the consequences of lesions or electrical stimulation for each of the six components of the limbic system that we described (i.e., hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei) -2) Be able to describe the basic interconnections of the limbic system, and what fibers are in the three main fiber tracks described in the lecture: a) the stria terminalis, b) the fornix, and c) the medial forebrain bundle. -3) Be able to describe the location of these tracks in the brain. -4) Be able to explain the three ways in which it hypothalamic activity can act to maintain homeostasis. -5) Be able to explain the different mechanisms through which the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. -6) Know the two functions of cortical input to the limbic system that we discussed.

7. Objectives: -1) Be able to describe the major inputs and outputs, function, and the consequences of lesions or electrical stimulation for each of the six components of the limbic system that we described (i.e., hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei) -2) Be able to describe the basic interconnections of the limbic system, and what fibers are in the three main fiber tracks described in the lecture: a) the stria terminalis, b) the fornix, and c) the medial forebrain bundle. -3) Be able to describe the location of these tracks in the brain. -4) Be able to explain the three ways in which it hypothalamic activity can act to maintain homeostasis. -5) Be able to explain the different mechanisms through which the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. -6) Know the two functions of cortical input to the limbic system that we discussed.

9. 1)Hypothalamus 2)Amygdala 3)Hippocampus 4)Cingulate cortex 5)Nucleus accumbens 6)Septal nuclei

10. 1)Hypothalamus 2)Amygdala 3)Hippocampus 4)Cingulate cortex 5)Nucleus accumbens 6)Septal nuclei

11. HYPOTHALAMUS

14. Hypothalamus Inputs: -1) amygdala (via stria terminalis & direct) -2) hippocampus (via fornix) -3)septal nuclei (via medial forebrain bundle) -4) brainstem & spinal cord (via medial forebrain bundle)

15. Hypothalamus Outputs: -1) amygdala (via stria terminalis) -2) hippocampus (via fornix) -3) septal nuclei (via medial forebrain bundle) -4) brainstem & spinal cord sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons -5) pituitary (neural & humoral) -6) anterior thalamus (to prefrontal, orbital, & cingulate cortex)

16. Hypothalamus Outputs: -1) amygdala (via stria terminalis) -2) hippocampus (via fornix) -3) septal nuclei (via medial forebrain bundle) -4) brainstem & spinal cord sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons -5) pituitary (neural & humoral) -6) anterior thalamus (to prefrontal, orbital, & cingulate cortex)

17. BA Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (rest & digest)

21. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) changing the body via ANS 2) changing the body via pituitary gland 3) changing motivation for behavior

22. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) changing the body via ANS 2) changing the body via pituitary gland 3) changing motivation for behavior

23. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) changing the body via ANS 2) changing the body via pituitary gland 3) changing motivation for behavior

24. INFUNDIBULUM (stalk of pituitary) OPTIC CHIASM

25. INFUNDIBULUM (stalk of pituitary) OPTIC CHIASM

27. INFUNDIBULUM (stalk of pituitary) OPTIC CHIASM

28. INFUNDIBULUM (stalk of pituitary) OPTIC CHIASM

29. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) action on body via ANS 2) action on body via pituitary gland 3) motivating behavioral solutions

31. Hypothalamus Outputs: -1) amygdala (via stria terminalis) -2) hippocampus (via fornix) -3) septal nuclei (via medial forebrain bundle) -4) brainstem & spinal cord sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons -5) pituitary (neural & humoral) -6) anterior thalamus (to prefrontal, orbital, & cingulate cortex)

32. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) action on body via ANS 2) action on body via pituitary gland 3) motivating behavioral solutions

33. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) action on body via ANS 2) action on body via pituitary gland 3) motivating behavioral solutions The hypothalamus also prepares the body for responses using stimuli that are not directly inside the body.

34. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) action on body via ANS 2) action on body via pituitary gland 3) motivating behavioral solutions The hypothalamus also prepares the body for responses using stimuli that are not directly inside the body. Finally, the hypothalamus relays info about the body to the limbic system.

35. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis 3 ways: 1) action on body via ANS 2) action on body via pituitary gland 3) motivating behavioral solutions The hypothalamus also prepares the body for responses using stimuli that are not directly inside the body. Finally, the hypothalamus relays info about the body to the limbic system. The James-Lange theory.

36. 1)Hypothalamus 2)Amygdala 3)Hippocampus 4)Cingulate cortex 5)Nucleus accumbens 6)Septal nuclei

39. Amygdala Inputs: -1) cortex (orbital, cingulate, entorhinal, & temporal) -2) hypothalamus (via stria terminalis & directly) -3) hippocampus -4) brainstem -5) septal nuclei -6) thalamus

40. Amygdala Outputs: -1) cortex (orbital, cingulate, entorhinal, & temporal via thalamus) -2) hypothalamus (via stria terminalis & directly) -3) hippocampus -4) septal nuclei -5) thalamus

41. Amygdala Functions: -1) connection between cortex & hypothalamus -2) probably mediates feeling of emotions (electrical stimulation elicits fear & can elicit same behaviors as stimulating hypothalamus but w/ more natural onset and offset) -3) lesions cause docile animals without fear

42. Amygdala Functions: -1) connection between cortex & hypothalamus -2) probably mediates feeling of emotions (electrical stimulation elicits fear & can elicit same behaviors as stimulating hypothalamus but w/ more natural onset and offset) -3) lesions cause docile animals without fear

43. Amygdala Functions: -1) connection between cortex & hypothalamus -2) probably mediates feeling of emotions (electrical stimulation elicits fear & can elicit same behaviors as stimulating hypothalamus but w/ more natural onset and offset) -3) lesions cause docile animals without fear

44. 1)Hypothalamus 2)Amygdala 3)Hippocampus 4)Cingulate cortex 5)Nucleus accumbens 6)Septal nuclei

46. Hippocampus Inputs: -1) entorhinal cortex (receives input from cingulate, orbital, & prefrontal cortex) -2) amygdala -3) hypothalamus (via fornix)

47. entorhinal cortex

48. Prefrontal

54. Hippocampus Inputs: -1) entorhinal cortex (receives input from cingulate, orbital, & prefrontal cortex) -2) amygdala -3) hypothalamus (via fornix)

55. Prefrontal

58. Hippocampus Inputs: -1) entorhinal cortex (receives input from cingulate, orbital, & prefrontal cortex) -2) amygdala -3) hypothalamus (via fornix)

59. Prefrontal

63. Hippocampus Outputs: -1) entorhinal cortex (receives input from cingulate, orbital, & prefrontal cortex) -2) anterior thalamus (to prefrontal, orbital, & cingulate cortex) -3) amygdala -4) hypothalamus (via fornix)

64. Prefrontal

67. Hippocampus Outputs: -1) entorhinal cortex (receives input from cingulate, orbital, & prefrontal cortex) -2) anterior thalamus (to prefrontal, orbital, & cingulate cortex) -3) amygdala -4) hypothalamus (via fornix)

68. Prefrontal

72. Hippocampus Outputs: -1) entorhinal cortex (receives input from cingulate, orbital, & prefrontal cortex) -2) anterior thalamus (to prefrontal, orbital, & cingulate cortex) -3) amygdala -4) hypothalamus (via fornix)

73. Prefrontal

76. Hippocampus Outputs: -1) entorhinal cortex (receives input from cingulate, orbital, & prefrontal cortex) -2) anterior thalamus (to prefrontal, orbital, & cingulate cortex) -3) amygdala (via fornix) -4) hypothalamus (via fornix)

77. Prefrontal

81. Hippocampus Functions: -1) mediates formation of new declarative memories -2) bilateral lesions impairs a patient’s ability to form new memories -3) lesions do not impair other memories, such as motor adaptation or learning motor tasks like a finger maze or doing a jigsaw puzzle.

82. 1)Hypothalamus 2)Amygdala 3)Hippocampus 4)Cingulate cortex 5)Nucleus accumbens 6)Septal nuclei

84. Cingulate cortex Inputs: -1) VP (somatosensory) thalamus (pain) -2) anterior thalamus (also to orbital cortex)

85. VP thalamus spinothalamic tract

86. cingulate cortex VP thalamus spinothalamic tract

87. cingulate cortex VP thalamus spinothalamic tract

88. Cingulate cortex Inputs: -1) VP (somatosensory) thalamus (pain) -2) anterior thalamus (also to orbital cortex)

89. Prefrontal

92. Cingulate cortex Outputs: -1) entorhinal cortex -2) amygdala

93. Prefrontal

96. Cingulate cortex Outputs: -1) entorhinal cortex -2) amygdala

97. Prefrontal

100. Cingulate cortex Functions: -mediates emotional response to pain

101. 1)Hypothalamus 2)Amygdala 3)Hippocampus 4)Cingulate cortex 5)Nucleus accumbens 6)Septal nuclei

103. Nucleus accumbens Inputs: -amygdala

104. Prefrontal nucleus accumbens

105. Prefrontal nucleus accumbens

106. Prefrontal nucleus accumbens

107. Nucleus accumbens Outputs: -basal ganglia

108. Nucleus Accumbens Functions: -referred to as emotional component of the basal ganglia -mediates motivation and reinforcement, i.e., REWARD -appears to be a major site of action for may addictive drugs -these drugs increase dopamine in NA -blocking dopamine in NA strongly reduces pleasure from these drugs

109. Nucleus Accumbens Functions: -referred to as emotional component of the basal ganglia -mediates motivation and reinforcement, i.e., REWARD -appears to be a major site of action for may addictive drugs -these drugs increase dopamine in NA -blocking dopamine in NA strongly reduces pleasure from these drugs

110. Nucleus Accumbens Functions: -referred to as emotional component of the basal ganglia -mediates motivation and reinforcement, i.e., REWARD -appears to be a major site of action for may addictive drugs -these drugs increase dopamine in NA -blocking dopamine in NA strongly reduces pleasure from these drugs

111. Nucleus Accumbens Functions: -referred to as emotional component of the basal ganglia -mediates motivation and reinforcement, i.e., REWARD -appears to be a major site of action for may addictive drugs -these drugs increase dopamine in NA -blocking dopamine in NA strongly reduces pleasure from these drugs

112. Nucleus Accumbens Functions: -referred to as emotional component of the basal ganglia -mediates motivation and reinforcement, i.e., REWARD -appears to be a major site of action for may addictive drugs -these drugs increase dopamine in NA -blocking dopamine in NA strongly reduces pleasure from these drugs

113. 1)Hypothalamus 2)Amygdala 3)Hippocampus 4)Cingulate cortex 5)Nucleus accumbens 6)Septal nuclei

115. Septal Nuclei Inputs: -hippocampus (via fornix) -amygdala

116. Prefrontal

122. Septal Nuclei Outputs: -hippocampus (via fornix) -hypothalamus (via stria terminalis) -amygdala (via medial forebrain bundle)

123. Prefrontal

126. Septal Nuclei Outputs: -hippocampus (via fornix) -hypothalamus (via stria terminalis) -amygdala (via medial forebrain bundle)

127. Prefrontal

129. stria terminalis

130. Prefrontal stria terminalis

131. Septal Nuclei Outputs: -hippocampus (via fornix) -hypothalamus (via stria terminalis) -amygdala (via medial forebrain bundle)

132. Septal Nuclei Functions: -related to experience of pleasure -electrical stimulation of the septal nuclei humans causes extreme feelings of pleasure and joy -animals lever press for stimulation here to the exclusion of food and sleep -septal nuclei are more active during sexual orgasm -provide Ach input to hippocampus and may mediate some memory function -in some animals damage to septal nuclei cause “sham rage” in which animals become extremely violent and angry with little or no external stimuli

133. Papez Circuit

136. Ende