1. Disability Statistics in Measuring Some Gender Dimensions: Case India S Chakrabarti Deputy Director General CSO, Govt. of India ESA/STAT/AC.219/26

2. Objectives Viewing the disability issue Viewing the disability issue Size of the disabled –macro views Size of the disabled –macro views What some trends suggest- in terms of gender differentials What some trends suggest- in terms of gender differentials Education, Employment and family living of the disabled men and women Education, Employment and family living of the disabled men and women conclusion conclusion

3. The Data NSS household survey data of 1981, 1991, 2002 NSS household survey data of 1981, 1991, 2002 collected from sample households for all persons with restrictions or lack of abilities to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being collected from sample households for all persons with restrictions or lack of abilities to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being excluded illness/injury of recent origin (morbidity) resulting into temporary loss of ability to see, hear, speak or move excluded illness/injury of recent origin (morbidity) resulting into temporary loss of ability to see, hear, speak or move

4. Viewing the Issue Socio-economic dimensions of disability in terms of the barriers that disability conditions pose for free access to basic services and the consequential degree of social marginalization among persons with different types of disability, with differences on account of gender, caste, rural/ urban background etc. Socio-economic dimensions of disability in terms of the barriers that disability conditions pose for free access to basic services and the consequential degree of social marginalization among persons with different types of disability, with differences on account of gender, caste, rural/ urban background etc.

5. Prevalence burden Prevalence of disability per 1,00,000 persons for each sex and sector Type Of Disability Disabled Persons Per 1,00,000 Persons RuralUrbanMaleFemale All Persons Mental Retardation 921001157294 Mental Illness 1108912286105 Blindness 210140171214192 Low Vision 8654688777 Hearing Disability 310236296285291 Speech Disability 210187237169204 Locomotor Disability 104690112177851008 Any Disability 18461499200014931755

6. Comparison of prevalence sizes HearingMovement

7. Vision disability Slow decline between 1981 & 1991 followed by sharper drop between 1991 & 2002 – possibly measures had effect Slow decline between 1981 & 1991 followed by sharper drop between 1991 & 2002 – possibly measures had effect Rural decline faster than urban decline between 1981 & 2002 Rural decline faster than urban decline between 1981 & 2002 Decline in prevalence of Womens disability in vision (51% in rural & 46% in urban) compared mens (44% in urban and 38% in rural) contributed to faster decline for rural areas Decline in prevalence of Womens disability in vision (51% in rural & 46% in urban) compared mens (44% in urban and 38% in rural) contributed to faster decline for rural areas Male-Female gap is narrowing Male-Female gap is narrowing -8(2010) from -50 (2002)- rural -8(2010) from -50 (2002)- rural -48(2010) from -65 (2002)- urban -48(2010) from -65 (2002)- urban Prevalence of Vision Disability 553 525 296 356 302 194 670 548 326 444 471 276 425 346 228 294 263 163 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 198119912002 Year No. per 100,000 popln rural urban Female-rural Male-rural Female-urban Male-urban Males = 251 (2010 rural) =137 (2010 urban) Females = 259 (2010 rural) = 185 (2010 urban)

8. Hearing disability Rural decline (40%) faster than urban decline (35%) between 1981 & 2002 Rural decline (40%) faster than urban decline (35%) between 1981 & 2002 Decline in prevalence of mens disability in hearing (33% in urban and 41% in rural) compared to womens (35% in rural as well as urban) contributed more to faster decline for rural areas Decline in prevalence of mens disability in hearing (33% in urban and 41% in rural) compared to womens (35% in rural as well as urban) contributed more to faster decline for rural areas Urban womens hearing disorder seems to be converging to urban mens level in prevalence Urban womens hearing disorder seems to be converging to urban mens level in prevalence Male-Female gap narrowing in rural areas, too Male-Female gap narrowing in rural areas, too 7(2010) from 19 (2002)- rural 7(2010) from 19 (2002)- rural -7(2010) from -4 (2002)- urban -7(2010) from -4 (2002)- urban Males = 293 (2010 rural) =217 (2010 urban) Females = 286 (2010 rural) = 224 (2010 urban)

9. Speech disability (5yr+) Rural decline (28%) slower than urban decline (31%) between 1981 & 2002 Rural decline (28%) slower than urban decline (31%) between 1981 & 2002 Decline in prevalence of mens disability in speech (33% in urban as well as in rural) compared to womens (19% in rural and 26% urban) contributed more to faster decline for urban areas Decline in prevalence of mens disability in speech (33% in urban as well as in rural) compared to womens (19% in rural and 26% urban) contributed more to faster decline for urban areas Mainly a males problem, particularly urban females have the least prevalence Mainly a males problem, particularly urban females have the least prevalence Male-female gap tends to decrease Male-female gap tends to decrease 52(2010) from 70 (2002)-rural 52(2010) from 70 (2002)-rural 58(2010) from 74 (2002)-urban 58(2010) from 74 (2002)-urban Males = 222 (2010 rural) =196 (2010 urban) Females = 170 (2010 rural) = 138 (2010 urban)

10. Movement disability Prevalence is on the rise for men and women, rural or urban Prevalence is on the rise for men and women, rural or urban Rural increase (26%) slower than urban increase (33%) between 1981 & 2002 Rural increase (26%) slower than urban increase (33%) between 1981 & 2002 Increase in prevalence of mens disability in movement (32% in urban and 22% in rural) compared to womens (58% in rural and 34% urban) tends to make womens problem more an issue in near future Increase in prevalence of mens disability in movement (32% in urban and 22% in rural) compared to womens (58% in rural and 34% urban) tends to make womens problem more an issue in near future Mainly a males problem, and a urban phenomenon- rural prevalence tends to exceed urban by 2010 Mainly a males problem, and a urban phenomenon- rural prevalence tends to exceed urban by 2010 Male-Female gap closing up, both rural and urban Male-Female gap closing up, both rural and urban 403(2010) from 470 (2002)- rural 403(2010) from 470 (2002)- rural 414(2010) from 328 (2002)- urban 414(2010) from 328 (2002)- urban Males = 1440 (2010 rural) =1269 (2010 urban) Females = 937 (2010 rural) = 855 (2010 urban)

11. Literacy Gap( 7yr +)

12. Women with disabilities had 69% illiterates ag. 44% illiterates among men with disabilities Women with disabilities had 69% illiterates ag. 44% illiterates among men with disabilities Among the literates, 19% women with disabilities had education upto primary level ag. 30% for disabled men Among the literates, 19% women with disabilities had education upto primary level ag. 30% for disabled men

13. Enrolment Gap ( 5-18 yr) No. per 1000 disabled In ordinary school In special school RuralUrbanRuralUrban Male511461879 Female4204214145

14. Enrolment Gap ( 5-18 yr) 51% boys (5-18 yrs) with disabilities in rural areas enroled in ordinary schools ag.42% girls with disabilities 51% boys (5-18 yrs) with disabilities in rural areas enroled in ordinary schools ag.42% girls with disabilities Situation in urban areas no better for girls and even worse for boys Situation in urban areas no better for girls and even worse for boys Special school is mainly an urban phenomenon and serve the mentally disabled and the blinds Special school is mainly an urban phenomenon and serve the mentally disabled and the blinds 8% disabled boys and 14% disabled girls were in special schools in urban areas, of which about 2% each were mentally disabled boys and girls 8% disabled boys and 14% disabled girls were in special schools in urban areas, of which about 2% each were mentally disabled boys and girls In rural areas, enrolment in special schools for both boys and girls alike was negligible in absence of such facilities In rural areas, enrolment in special schools for both boys and girls alike was negligible in absence of such facilities

15. Enrolment Gap ( 5-18 yr) Interestingly, children with movement disability and blindness had higher enrolment in ordinary schools than in special schools Interestingly, children with movement disability and blindness had higher enrolment in ordinary schools than in special schools Blind girls however, had higher enrolment in special schools than blind boys- very low enrolment of blind girls in ordinary schools Blind girls however, had higher enrolment in special schools than blind boys- very low enrolment of blind girls in ordinary schools Disability itself was reported as the main reason for not attending any special schools for both boys (32.5%) and girls (30.8%) – this speaks of deficiencies and inadequacy of special schooling methods Disability itself was reported as the main reason for not attending any special schools for both boys (32.5%) and girls (30.8%) – this speaks of deficiencies and inadequacy of special schooling methods

16. Employment gap (15-59 yrs) 62% disabled men in rural areas and 64% in urban areas were out of labour force ag. 89% disabled women in rural areas and 91% in urban areas 62% disabled men in rural areas and 64% in urban areas were out of labour force ag. 89% disabled women in rural areas and 91% in urban areas Among the employed with disabilities, 36% were male and only 10% women – these proportions were slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas Among the employed with disabilities, 36% were male and only 10% women – these proportions were slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas

17. Employment gap (15-59 yrs)

18. Employment Gap In general, 55% disabled men and 60% of disabled women were working in the primary sector- showing lobour imbalance against women with disabilities In general, 55% disabled men and 60% of disabled women were working in the primary sector- showing lobour imbalance against women with disabilities Lesser proportion of disabled women in secondary (16%) and tertiary (22%) sectors as compared to disabled mens proportions of 17% and 28% respectively Lesser proportion of disabled women in secondary (16%) and tertiary (22%) sectors as compared to disabled mens proportions of 17% and 28% respectively In rural areas the proportion of disabled men and disabled women in primary sector is the same (70%) In rural areas the proportion of disabled men and disabled women in primary sector is the same (70%)

19. Family life (All ages) Attitude towards the disabled is reflected in how they lead family life Attitude towards the disabled is reflected in how they lead family life They are not generally left alone – 3% only found living alone ag. 92% living with spouse and/or, family They are not generally left alone – 3% only found living alone ag. 92% living with spouse and/or, family 45% of the disabled men were married, 47% never married and 8% widowed/ divorced / separated 45% of the disabled men were married, 47% never married and 8% widowed/ divorced / separated On the other hand, 31% of the disabled women were married, 39% never married and 30% widowed/ divorced / separated On the other hand, 31% of the disabled women were married, 39% never married and 30% widowed/ divorced / separated

20. Family life (15 yr+)

21. 29% of the disabled (15+) never married 29% of the disabled (15+) never married 22% women 22% women 33% men 33% men 49% of the disabled (15+) married 49% of the disabled (15+) married 39% women 39% women 57% men 57% men 20% of the disabled (15+) widowed 20% of the disabled (15+) widowed 28% widows 28% widows 7% widowers 7% widowers

22. Care/Assistance 61% disabled men and 59% disabled women can take self-care without any aid/assistance 61% disabled men and 59% disabled women can take self-care without any aid/assistance Critical section for social measures comprises 12% of disabled men and 15% of disabled women who can not take care of themselves even with aid/assistance Critical section for social measures comprises 12% of disabled men and 15% of disabled women who can not take care of themselves even with aid/assistance

23. Conclusion Degree to which States measures to support participation of the disabled in the mainstream with rightful access to education, employment and personal activities must take into account the gender dimensions to make the interventions more inclusive and addressing the issue of burden on the abler, particularly the able women in the households, who stay indoors and do the care work unpaid for Degree to which States measures to support participation of the disabled in the mainstream with rightful access to education, employment and personal activities must take into account the gender dimensions to make the interventions more inclusive and addressing the issue of burden on the abler, particularly the able women in the households, who stay indoors and do the care work unpaid for

24. Thanks