1. © Henley Business School 2010www.henley.reading.ac.uk School of Real Estate & Planning Locating Europe’s Cities in the World City Network

2. © Henley Business School 2010www.henley.reading.ac.uk School of Real Estate & Planning GaWC data 2000 - 2004 - 2008 Sandra Vinciguerra

3. School of Real Estate & Planning GaWC data differences 3 Year 2000, 100 leading APS firms present in 315 cities Year 2004, 92 APS firms in 315 cities Year 2008, 175 APS firms in 525 cities Concerning the financial sector in particular, in 2000 and 2004 only 34 and 29 world financial services firms were surveyed respectively, while information is available for 75 firms in the 2008 dataset Other sectors included are: accountancy, advertising, law and management consultancy

4. School of Real Estate & Planning Standardization Method (1) Data transformation was in order to compare all different years on the same basis We have included a subset of 285 cities for our data transformation, which is the set of cities that are present in all the three datasets All connections have been recalculated for each of the years and separately for each sector

5. School of Real Estate & Planning Standardization Method (2) Then all dyad values have been standardized across the whole inter-city matrix In order to calculate the final standardized connectivity indices, after dyad standardization, every sector has the same proportional weight as in the year 2008

6. School of Real Estate & Planning 2000-2008 results compatible? The following exercise demonstrates that using a dyadic analysis method, 2000, 2004, 2008 data does not lead to time series distortions The following graphs show this for APS and FS data Extra cities added in the 2008 data collection have been removed in the new dyadic analysis

7. School of Real Estate & Planning APS distributions of standardized connectivities

8. School of Real Estate & Planning FS distributions of standardized connectivities

9. APS standardized ranks rankcity 2000 city 2004 city 2008 1London100.00London100.00New York100.00 2New York97.38New York97.38London97.78 3Hong Kong72.63Hong Kong72.89Hong Kong84.06 4Tokyo70.89Paris71.22Paris78.82 5Paris70.78Tokyo69.76Singapore75.97 6Singapore66.91Singapore67.73Tokyo74.28 7Chicago61.89Brussels61.33Sydney70.82 8Milan60.80Madrid60.62Shanghai69.14 9Madrid60.25Toronto60.50Milan68.19 10Los Angeles59.51Milan59.67Beijing67.35 11Toronto58.14Amsterdam58.33Madrid66.40 12Sydney58.09Frankfurt56.68Seoul63.15 13Amsterdam57.28Sao Paulo56.51Moscow62.60 14Frankfurt56.83Zurich55.25Toronto62.37 15Brussels56.72Chicago53.75Brussels61.64

10. FS standardized ranks rankcity 2000 city 2004 city 2008 1London 100.00London100.00London100.00 2New York 90.86New York88.88New York97.23 3Tokyo 81.61Singapore75.55Hong Kong93.18 4Hong Kong 80.87Hong Kong74.53Singapore82.39 5Singapore 74.51Tokyo73.63Tokyo82.06 6Paris 72.78Paris66.83Paris80.78 7Chicago 62.56Zurich61.23Sydney77.96 8Los Angeles 61.16Madrid60.27Shanghai77.24 9Madrid 61.15Milan58.05Madrid72.27 10Milan 60.86Shanghai57.33Milan71.55 11Frankfurt 58.58Toronto56.57Seoul70.20 12Sao Paulo 58.40Sao Paulo56.19Beijing68.33 13Sydney 57.28Brussels56.02Taipei65.82 14Brussels 57.14Los Angeles51.93Toronto64.89 15 San Francisco 55.52Frankfurt51.29Zurich62.73

11. School of Real Estate & Planning Geographical analysis Sheds light on changes in Friedmann’s ‘world city hierarchy’ map It is possible to see the growth of East Asian cities for both APS and FS, particularly between the years 2004 and 2008

12. School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2000 standardized

13. School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2004 standardized

14. School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2008 standardized

15. School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2000 standardized

16. School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2004 standardized

17. School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2008 standardized

18. School of Real Estate & Planning Mappa Mundi exercise A non-territorial perspective Using dyads shows a significant evolution of core- periphery relations both for FS and APS Using this approach the shift of network central positions over the years is evident

19. School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2000 standardized

20. School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2004 standardized

21. School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2008 standardized

22. School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2000 standardized

23. School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2004 standardized

24. School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2008 standardized