1. Disaster Site Worker Safety
Module 6
Military & Industrial Chemical Agents

2. Objectives Identify some indicators of a chemical attack.
Identify the five classes of military chemical agents.
List the symptoms of exposure for selected chemical agents.

3. Introduction
International terrorism has been a global issue for many years
New perspective with the use of the chemical agent sarin in the 1995 Tokyo attack
Use of chemical agents signifies the introduction of WMDs into the terrorist arsenal

4. Introduction
Improvised high explosive, chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear devices are no longer limited to the militaries of superpower nations.
Often called the “poor man’s” weapons of mass destruction, these improvised devices have become relatively easy to produce, hide, and utilize.

5. Chemical Agents and Terrorism
Chemical agents, in the context of terrorism, are combinations of chemicals that yield a toxic (i.e., poisonous) effect upon exposure.
They are designed to kill, sicken, or harm people when they are released.

6. Chemical Agents and Terrorism
Inhalation of or contact with volatile chemicals can present a major danger of mass casualties and mass fatalities.
The main differences between industrial chemical accidents and chemical terrorist incidents may be intent and magnitude.

7. Chemical Attack
Chemical incidents are characterized by the rapid onset (minutes to hours) of medical symptoms and easily observed signatures:
Colored residue
Dead foliage
Pungent odor
Dead insects and animals

8. Chemical Attack
A chemical terrorist event is likely to be discovered in one of two ways:
Local discovery of the environmental release or exposure incident
Diagnosis of the resultant patient cases

9. Classes of Chemical Agents
Three categories of chemical agents:
Casualty agents: Agents intended to produce casualties (dead and injured people). They include nerve agents, blister agents, choking agents, and blood agents.
Irritant agents: Agents which produce unpleasant sensations meant to harass or temporarily incapacitate victims (also called riot control agents). These agents include vomiting agents and tearing agents.
Psychochemicals: Agents that produce changes in mental function, such as hallucinations or general confusion, also meant to temporarily incapacitate victims. Examples include LSD and BZ.

10. Types of Chemical Agents
These categories can be further divided according to their primary effect on the human:
Nerve agents
Blister agents
Choking agents
Blood agents
Irritating agents
In addition, a few chemical agents are classified as incapacitants (this term sometimes includes both irritants and psychochemicals).

11. Toxic Industrial Chemicals Chemical Warfare Agents
Incapacitating
and
Riot Control
Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Chemical Warfare Agents
Choking
Agents
Blood
Blister
Nerve

12. Nerve Agents There are four significant military agents:
Tabun (GA)
Sarin (GB)
Soman (GD) VX
These nerve agents are some of the most toxic chemicals known.

13. Nerve Agent Characteristics
There are two major classes of nerve agents:
G-series agents
V-series agents
"G" stands for German and the A, B, and D signify the specific chemical.
For VX, the "V" stands for venom, the "X" originates from a series of chemicals originally synthesized to be used as insecticides.
VX has no common name.

14. Nerve Agent Characteristics
The G agents are generally volatile and will evaporate, depending on concentration, in one to two days.
Agents generally considered non-persistent
Present both inhalation and skin contact threats
VX has low volatility and will evaporate about as quickly as motor oil.
Considered a persistent agent

15. Nerve Agent Characteristics
Nerve agents are heavier than air.
When pure, the G agents are both colorless and odorless.
If they contain impurities, GA and GB may have a slight fruity odor, and GD may smell like camphor.
VX is odorless when pure.
VX is normally not found in a pure state.
In its impure state, VX may have a slight yellow color (light-weight motor oil) and will usually smell like sulfur.

16. Nerve Agent Characteristics
Protection from these agents requires full respiratory and skin protection.
Fire service bunker gear, properly worn, will provide some limited protection; for operations in the hot zone, Level A protection is vital.

17. Nerve Agent Release
Air release: GA, GB, GD, and VX will be broken down by compounds that are found in the air, but they may persist in air for a few days before being broken down.
Water release: GA, GB, GD, and VX will be broken down in water quickly, but small amounts may evaporate.
Soil release: GA, GB, GD, and VX will be broken down in moist soil quickly. Small amounts may evaporate into air or travel below the soil surface and contaminate groundwater.
GA, GB, GD, and VX do not accumulate in the food chain.

18. Nerve Agent Properties
Nerve agents are liquids at ambient conditions.
They are clear, colorless, and tasteless.
All present a vapor hazard under temperate conditions.
All nerve agents penetrate the skin rapidly and well.
Inhalation of vapors or aerosols is especially dangerous.
Exposure to even minute quantities may be rapidly fatal.

19. Nerve Agent Detection
Detection clues for nerve agents are limited because they resemble water or light oil without any characteristic odor.
Clandestine activities that may involve nerve agent production may be evident by the presence of unusual chemicals, laboratory glassware, as well as underground "cook books," military manuals, or chemical textbooks.

20. Nerve Agent Warning Signs
The most significant sign will be the rapid onset, within minutes, of similar symptoms in a large group of people.
Except for dermal exposure, pinpointed pupils (miosis) are the best symptomatic indication of nerve agent use.
Because nerve agents are so lethal, mass fatalities without other signs of trauma may also be present.

21. Other Nerve Agent Warning Signs
Explosions that seem only to destroy a package or bomb device
Abandoned spray devices
Numerous dead animals, fish, & birds
Lack of insect life
Mass casualties without obvious trauma
Definite pattern of casualties and common symptoms
Civilian panic in potential target areas (gov’t buildings, public assemblies, subway system, etc.)

22. Blister Agents Blister agents are heavy oily liquids.
In the pure state they are colorless and nearly odorless; in the impure state they are dark colored and have an odor strongly suggesting mustard, onion, or garlic.
These agents are extremely toxic, although far less lethal than nerve agents.
A few drops of mustard on the skin can cause severe injury; 3 grams absorbed through the skin can be fatal.

23. Blister Agent Warning Signs
Signs may not be as immediately evident as would be the case for nerve agents.
Blisters take hours to days to develop.
Complaints of eye and respiratory irritation along with the reports of the characteristic garlic-like odor are initial signs.
Similar symptoms experienced by a large number of people.

24. Other Blister Agent Warning Signs
Explosions that dispense liquids, mists, or gas
Explosions that seem only to destroy a package or bomb device
Unscheduled and unusual spray being disseminated
Abandoned spray devices
Mass casualties without obvious trauma
Definite pattern of casualties and common symptoms
Civilian panic in potential target areas (government buildings, public assemblies, subway system, etc.)

25. Types of Blister Agents
Mustards (H) (referred to as mustard agents)
Lewisite (L)
Phosgene oxime (CX)

26. Types of Blister Agents
Of this group, mustard (H) is the most likely to be used as it is the easiest to produce.
For the purpose of this module, the only major difference between the mustards (H) and lewisite (L) or phosgene oxime (CX) is that L and CX cause immediate pain upon contact with the skin.

27. Sulfur Mustard (HD)
Sulfur mustard is the best known of the mustard agents.
Like other mustard agents, sulfur mustard can contaminate anything it touches for long periods of time.
In its pure state, it is colorless and almost odorless.

28. NFPA 704 for Blister Agent 1 4 1 Fire Hazard Health Hazard
Flash Points
4 - Below 73 F
3 - Below 100 F
2 - Below 200 F
1 - Above 200 F
0 - Will Not Burn
Health Hazard
4 - Deadly
3 - Extreme Danger
2 - Hazardous
1 - Slightly Hazardous
0 - Normal Material 1
CM-16
16. BLISTER AGENT NFPA 704 SIGNAL. The slide above illustrates how the blister agents (except for phosgene oxime) would be classified according to the NFPA 704 signal. 4 1
NOTE: Phosgene oxime would be classified as “corrosive” in the Special Hazard section.
Special Hazard
Oxidizer OXY
Acid ACID
Alkali ALK
Corrosive COR
Use NO WATER W
Radiation Hazard
Reactivity
4 - May Detonate
3 - Shock and Heat May Detonate
2 - Hazardous
1 - Violent Chemical Change
0 - Stable

29. Nitrogen Mustard (HN)
All of the nitrogen mustards are liquids that are dark in color and oily.
These mustards are much more dangerous than sulfur mustard.
The nitrogen mustard inflicts the most damage on the lower intestinal tract.
The most toxic and most volatile of the three nitrogen mustards is HN-2, but HN-3 is used more because of its stability.

30. Phosgene Oxime (CX)
Phosgene oxime is found in both liquid and solid form.
The only difference between this and the other mustards is that its "typical mustard agent effects" occur immediately after exposure.

31. Lewisite (L)
Lewisite is a dark oily liquid with a small odor of geraniums.
Lewisite is a quick acting blistering agent that causes more pronounced blistering than most blistering agents.
Once inside the body it causes systemic destruction.
An exposure to a high concentration of lewisite can kill in 10 minutes, whereas a low exposure can cause symptoms to occur in 30 minutes.
Lewisite is a mustard agent that is most often mixed with other chemical weapons agents to produce an extreme effect on an individual.

32. Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
Has no odor or color and is most often in a liquid state
Is slightly less effective than sulfur mustard
All other characteristics of it are like that of sulfur mustard

33. Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
Causes an immediate irritating effect to any individual exposed to it
Is less persistent than sulfur mustard but is like sulfur mustard in every other way

34. Blood Agents
Cyanides or blood agents include common industrial chemicals, such as potassium cyanide, which can cause rapid respiratory arrest and death.
There are two blood agents:
Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
Cyanogen chloride (CK)
Both are commercially available and used in various manufacturing processes.

35. Choking Agents There are two choking agents:
Phosgene (CG)
Chlorine (Cl2)
Both of these agents are commercially available and could be obtained and used by terrorists.
Choking agents produce casualties by severely stressing the respiratory system tissue.
Severe distress produces profuse edema which can result in death by asphyxiation that resembles drowning.

36. Incapacitating Agents (Irritating Agents)
The common irritating agents:
Chloropicrin
MACE
Tear gas
Capsicum/pepper spray
Dibenzoxazepine
Signs will include casualties complaining of burning and irritation of the eyes and throat.
The effects of these agents are temporary although casualties must be monitored should the irritant trigger a secondary medical problem such as an asthma attack or other respiratory problem.

37. Routes of Exposure Absorption (mucous membranes) Inhalation (lungs)
Dermal Contact (skin)
Ingestion (by mouth)
Intravenous Entry (bloodstream)

38. Advantages of Chemical Agents Used as Weapons
Widespread availability
High level of toxicity
Difficulty of detection
Time lag
Anonymity
Societal disruption

39. Factors for Potential Increased Usage
Increased security against traditional types of terrorist attacks
Public indifference to traditional forms of terrorism, requiring more spectacular acts to gain attention
Recent increases in high-casualty, less discriminate attacks
Growth of state-sponsored terrorism
Worldwide proliferation of chemical and biological weaponry
Increased inter-ethnic and religiously inspired violence
Decrease in humanitarian inhibitions
Availability of materials and expertise from the former Soviet Union and its allies, and the growth of organized crime in those countries

40. Relative Lethality of Chemical Agents in Relation to Chlorine
If chlorine is used as a baseline, then:
Cyanogen chloride is twice as toxic.
Phosgene is 6 times more toxic.
Hydrogen cyanide is 7 times more toxic.
Mustard is 13 times more toxic.
Sarin is 200 times more toxic.
VX is 600 times more toxic.

41. Comparative Toxicity CM-22
22. COMPARATIVE TOXICITY. This is a graphical comparison of the approximate lethalities of the agents which have been discussed. They are based relative to chlorine in terms of respiratory toxicity.
a. If chlorine is used as a baseline (1.0 on the graph)
(1) Phosgene (CG) is about six times more toxic.
(2) Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is about seven times more toxic.
(3) Parathion, an insecticide ingredient, is about twelve times more toxic.
(4) Mustard (H) is about thirteen times more toxic.
(5) Sarin (GB) is about two hundred times more toxic.
(6) VX is about six hundred times more toxic.
b. For skin toxicity, less than a pinhead of mustard agent is required to achieve a small blister. Less than a pinhead of VX can be lethal.

42. Downwind Hazard Predictions
A weapon of mass destruction CBRNE device, when activated, may release a cloud of material, which will then move with the wind.
The purpose of the downwind hazard analysis is to:
Warn downwind personnel.
Prevent people from stumbling into the hazard.
Make informed decisions about the allocation of critical resources to where they are needed most.

43. Downwind Hazard Predictions
A plume is a vaporous release that emanates from a toxic substance source.
A cloud, in contrast, has left its source and moves (floats) away.
Both plumes and clouds are analyzed in the same manner for downwind predictions.
Many factors affect the travel of a toxic plume or cloud.

44. Downwind Hazard Predictions
Precipitation can wash agent out of the air but may cause a runoff problem.
Because biological agents are destroyed by sunlight’s UV radiation, a biological cloud will travel further downwind during darkness than during the day.
Air stability is important.
On hot, sunny days ground-level air tends to rise, taking the toxic cloud with it.
During evenings and overcast days, the ground air and cloud tend to stay low.

45. Meteorological Conditions and Other Factors
The effects of a chemical attack are affected by meteorological conditions and other environmental factors including:
Temperature (air and ground)
Humidity
Precipitation
Wind speed and direction
Surrounding or nearby buildings and terrain

46. Meteorological Conditions and Other Factors
Quantity and type of agent
Buildings and terrain
Type of dissemination

47. CHOKING AGENTS Phosgene (CG) and Chlorine (CI2) Commercially available
Low boiling points
Heavier than air
Phosgene odor (newly mown hay)
Chlorine odor (swimming pool)

48. Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TIC)
Respiratory irritants
Acids, ammonia, acrylates, aldehydes, isocyhanates
Choking
Chlorine, hydrogen sulphate, phosgene
Flammable gases
Acetone, alkenes, alkyl halides, amines
Oxidizers
Oxygen, butadiene, peroxides
Organophosphate pesticides

49. Sources of TICs Chemical manufacturing plants
Food processing facilities
Transportation assets
Storage tanks/facilities
Airports
Barge terminals
Pumping stations
Mining operations

50. Using the Guidebook Step 1
Using chemical name, look up four-digit ID number (blue pages)
If chemical name is not found, use:
Nerve: 2810
Blood: 1051
Blister: 2810

51. Determine, isolate, and protect distances (green pages)
Using the Guidebook
Step 2
Determine, isolate, and protect distances (green pages)
Need to know size and time of release
Small Spills
Large Spills ID
Name
Isolate
Protect Day
Protect Night
1017
Chlorine
100 ft.
0.1 miles
0.7 miles
900 ft.
1.7 miles
4.2 miles

52. Using the Guidebook Step 3:
Draw circle with radius of isolation distance.
Mark the wind direction.
Draw a box size of protect distance, place upwind edge over center of circle toward downwind. r