1. + HEALTHCARE Presented By: Kristen W., Michelle Q., Ronald B., Diana M.,& Vanessa C. +

2. + Compression of Morbidity Morbidity: The presence or rate of the disease or illness. Compressions: The concept of pushing all the morbidity of one’s life into as short of a time period as possible. The goal of living a disease and illness free life as long as possible. It’s having a minimum number of years that a person spends suffering while maximizing their total numbers of years. By living a healthy lifestyle, age-related morbidity can be reduced or postponed.

3. + Compression of Morbidity (cont.) Developed in 1980 by James Fries, MD. “By postponing the age at which chronic infirmity begins, disability and morbidity could be compressed into a shorter period of the average human life span. A society in which the active and virtual years of life would increase in length, the disabilities and frailties of aging would be postponed, and the number of lifetime disability and morbidity would decrease.” -James Fries People who engage in a healthy lifestyle are less susceptible to develop diseases or an illness than those who do not live a healthy lifestyle

4. + How does healthcare impact compression of morbidity? Preventative Care – pre-emptive strike against illness and disease Yearly appointments Physicals (Pap Smears & Prostate Exams) Dental Cleanings Eye Exams Better Health Practices – PSA and general advice from medical experts No Smoking Exercise Diet H1N1 – Wash your hands, cover your cough, etc. *Healthcare allows access to medical services that help prolong life.*

5. + How does healthcare impact compression of morbidity? (cont.) Medical Services – For acute and chronic illnesses (to cure, slow progression, and/or relieve symptoms) Rx Drugs Surgery Therapy Specialized Care Those without access to healthcare (not government-funded or cannot afford it) are at risk of developing illness and diseases that may have been prevented or treated easily/quickly. This leads to more costly ER trips that can force a person into bankruptcy or even more costly, death.

6. + Overview of the Canadian health care system  National Health insurance program offered as “Medicare” prepaid basis.  Canada Health Act- values of equity and solidarity.  Roles and Responsibilities are shared between the federal and provincial-territorial governments. Fund Services in the form of fiscal transfers. Health Care includes services such as physicians and other health professionals, and care in hospitals. All necessary drug therapy administered within the Canadian hospital setting is insured and publicly funded.

7. + Provincial/Territorial Health Insurance Card areas The Canada Health Act separates health coverage by provinces and territories they provide some groups with supplemental health benefits not covered by the Act. The level and scope of coverage for supplemental benefits varies between jurisdictions.

8. + Provinces and territories The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces are jurisdictions that receive their power and authority directly from the Constitution Act, 1867, whereas territories derive their mandates and powers from the federal government. Currently, the ten provinces are: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan, while the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon.

9. + Statistics Canada 10 Leading Causes of Death

10. + In 2005, the 10 leading causes of death in Canada accounted for 78% of all deaths. Cancer, heart disease and stroke, the three leading causes of death, were responsible for 58% of all deaths in Canada. From 2001 to 2005, the number of deaths increased as Canadian population aged, but mortality rates decreased. The age–standardized mortality rates dropped sharply for stroke (20%), followed by heart disease (15%) and cancer (5%) in the same period. From 2004 to 2005, the relative burden of deaths due to unintentional injuries had the largest increase (6%), followed by Chronic lower respiratory diseases (5%) and Alzheimer’s disease (4%). In contrast, the relative burden of stroke had the sharpest decline (-4%).

11. + Patterns of Death In Canada - Youth Cohort Ranking and number of deaths for the 10 leading causes by age group, Canada, 2005

12. + Patterns of Death In Canada - Middle Cohort Ranking and number of deaths for the 10 leading causes by age group, Canada, 2005

13. + Patterns of Death In Canada - Senior Cohort Ranking and number of deaths for the 10 leading causes by age group, Canada, 2005

14. + Geographic differences Provinces and territories

15. + Gail’s thoughts on the Canadian Health Care system on how it affect’s older adults: It is an equitable system, providing basic health care for all who need it through tax dollars. Universal care with no user fees; allows access to good preventative care. Fees for long-term residential care are calibrated to person’s income Does not exceed 70% of their monthly income Fees are based on income, not on assets.

16. + Gail’s thoughts continued… “For older adults and anyone without extended health benefits, there is some coverage for drugs (for example, seniors without extra benefits pay for their drugs up to a limit 30% of their income, and then the government covers the rest of the costs each year).”

17. + How does Canada’s system contribute to the compression of morbidity? “It is preventative health care and health promotion that makes all the difference!” “The Canadian and the provincial governments have large scale, country-wide health promotion projects and educational campaigns about increasing exercise, healthy eating, diabetes management, aboriginal health needs, stopping smoking, etc. with the aim of helping people live longer in a healthy state. This is paying off, because the up-and-coming Baby Boomer generation is much healthier and more active in our country.”

18. + Challenge in Canada’s Health Care System  Not many alternatives  As care becomes more costly, there are more and more limits on what the government will cover  Having to wait for appointments, diagnostic tests, surgeries, etc.  Limits on the numbers of acute care beds funded, which leads to premature discharge of patients  Doctors preferring private practice (more money) in other countries rather than government-funded practice (less money) in Canada

19. + What are the future concerns of the Canadian population due to the Compression of Morbidity?  Having enough resources (ie. acute beds, specialists, caregiver support, etc.) to care for elders in the last 6-12 months of life.  Nurses and physicians properly trained to care for older adults with co-morbidities and complexities. “Many of these professionals prefer to work in the ‘sexier’ health care fields, eg. critical care, maternity and pediatrics, etc., rather than with old people”