1. 1 The student will learn about: §4.4 Definite Integrals and Areas. the fundamental theorem of calculus, and the history of integral calculus, some applications. the history of integral calculus, the definition of the definite integral,

2. Introduction We begin this section by calculating areas under curves, leading to a definition of the definite integral of a function. The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus then provides an easier way to calculate definite integrals using indefinite integrals. Finally, we will illustrate the wide variety of applications of definite integrals. 2

3. 3 Definite Integral as a Limit of a Sum. The Definite Integral may be viewed as the area between the function and the x-axis.

4. APPROXIMATING AREA BY RECTANGLES We may approximate the area under a curve Inscribing rectangles under it. Use rectangles with equal bases and with heights equal to the height of the curve at the left-hand edge of the rectangles. 4

5. Area Under a Curve The following table gives the “rectangular approximation” for the area under the curve y = x 2 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, with a larger numbers of rectangles. The calculations were done on a graphing calculator, rounding answers to three decimal places. 5 # RectanglesSum of Areas 42.71875 82.523438 162.427734 322.380371 642.356812 1282.345062 2562.339195 5122.336264 10242.334798 20482.334066

6. 6 Definite Integral as a Limit of a Sum. Definition. Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b], and let a. a = x 0 < x 1 < x 2, … < x n – 1 < x n = b b. ∆ x = (b – a)/n c. ∆ x k → 0 as n → ∞ d. x k – 1 ≤ c k ≤ x k Then is called a definite integral of f from a to b. The integrand is f (x), the lower limit is a, and the upper limit is b.

7. 7 Those Responsible. Isaac Newton 1642 - 1727 Gottfried Leibniz 1646 - 1716

8. 8 Example 1 5 · 3 – 5 · 1 =15 – 5 = 10 Make a drawing to confirm your answer. 0  x  4 - 1  y  6

9. 9 Example 2 4 Make a drawing to confirm your answer. 0  x  4 - 1  y  4 Nice red box?

10. 10

11. 11 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f, then

12. 12 Evaluating Definite Integrals By the fundamental theorem we can evaluate Easily and exactly. We simply calculate No red box?

13. 13 Definite Integral Properties

14. 14 Example 3 9 - 0 = 0  x  4 - 2  y  10 9 Do you see the red box?

15. 15 Example 4 3.6268604 There is that red box again ?

16. 16 Examples 5 This is a combination of the previous two problems = 9 + (e 6 )/2 – 1/3 – (e 2 )/2 What red box? = 206.68654 So, what’s with the red box!

17. 17 Numerical Integration on a Graphing Calculator 0  x  3 - 1  y  3 -1  x  6 - 0.2  y  0.5

18. 18 Application From past records a management services determined that the rate of increase in maintenance cost for an apartment building (in dollars per year) is given by M ’ (x) = 90x 2 + 5,000 where M is the total accumulated cost of maintenance for x years. Write a definite integral that will give the total maintenance cost through the seventh year. Evaluate the integral. 30 x 3 + 5,000x = 10,290 + 35,000 – 0 – 0 = $45,290

19. Total Cost of a Succession of Units The following diagrams illustrate this idea. In each case, the curve represents a rate, and the area under the curve, given by the definite integral, gives the total accumulation at that rate. 19

20. FINDING TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY FROM A RATE A technician can test computer chips at the rate of –3x 2 + 18x + 15 chips per hour (for 0 ≤ x ≤ 6), where x is the number of hours after 9:00 a.m. How many chips can be tested between 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m.? 20

21. Solution - N (t) = –3t 2 + 18t + 15 The total work accomplished is the integral of this rate from t = 1 (10 a.m.) to t = 4 (1 p.m.): Use your calculator = ( - 64 + 144 + 60) – (-1 + 9 + 15) = 117 That is, between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m., 117 chips can be tested. 21

22. 22 Summary. We can evaluate a definite integral by the fundamental theorem of calculus:

23. 23 ASSIGNMENT §4.4 on my website. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.