1. Energy Systems
Dr M Taghavi

2. Energy for Exercise
Food is the source of energy for the human body and it also provides nutrients for growth and repair. When food is eaten, this is what happens…
The food is broken down into soluble chemicals (e.g. glucose) by digestion in the gut.
The soluble chemicals pass through the gut wall into the blood.
The blood carries the soluble food chemicals to all of the body’s cells, where they will be used for:
Energy
Growth
Repair

3. Making Energy Available to the Cells of the Body
The muscles of the body use both carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. The following diagram shows how carbohydrates are used.
The glucose enters the small intestine where it passes into the blood.
Carbohydrates in the form of starch gained from foods such as pasta, bread and potatoes are eaten.
The starch is digested in the gut and turned into glucose molecules.

4. The glucose is then used in 3 different ways…
Body Cells
Liver
Glucose diffuses easily into the cells and is used to meet their energy demands.
Here some of the glucose is stored as glycogen and used to maintain blood sugar levels.
Skeletal Muscle
Glucose is stored here as glycogen and is used when the body is working harder.

5. The Energy Systems b) Anaerobic glycolytic system
High energy phosphate system
b) Anaerobic glycolytic system
c) Aerobic oxidative system

6. Energy systems Aerobic Anaerobic Oxygen system Phosphate system
Lactate system
Dr. taghavi

7. a) ATP breakdown (ATP turnover)
ADP
H2O +
Energy + Pi +
1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups of
ATP molecule by H2O
2. Phosphate molecule (Pi) is released from ATP
(ATP ADP)
3. Energy is released (38 to 42 kJ, or 9 to 10 kcal/mol ATP)

8. c) ATP resynthesis ATP ADP Energy + Pi +
Initial stores of ATP in the muscles are used up
very quickly and ATP must be regenerated
2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and Pi
3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (from
breakdown of food molecules)

9. High Energy Phosphate System
Creatine P
ENERGY
ADP + Pi  ATP

10. Energy systems Phosphate Promotion of CP system: ▲CP store
The main source for the onset of exercise.
Anaerobic alactic System
CP + ADP ► Creatine + ATP ► Expulsion Energy
Limited store ► – 10 sec.
Recovery time: 3-5 min complete rest.
Promotion of CP system:
▲CP store
▲CP breakdown enzymatic process
CP stores increase by 25% to 50% after 7 months endurance training
CP Enzymatic break down advancement promote after 8 weeks speed training
Dr. taghavi

11. Anaerobic Respiration – Without Oxygen
Anaerobic respiration involves the release of a little energy, very quickly from the incomplete breakdown of glucose without using oxygen, inside the cells.
The Process of Anaerobic Respiration
1. Glucose is made available by the breakdown of glycogen stored in the working muscles.
Energy for muscles to contract and create movement
2. The glucose is used by the muscles of the body to produce energy, without the use of oxygen.
Glucose
Lactic Acid
3. This process creates lactic acid, which passes back into the blood for removal.

12. How Anaerobic Respiration Happens1 2 3
Glucose is transported to the muscles of the body via the blood.
Glucose passes into the muscles cells and is used to produce energy for muscular
contractions.
Anaerobic respiration
produces lactic acid
as a waste product.
Facts about Anaerobic Respiration
During anaerobic respiration, your muscles are not supplied with enough oxygen.
The lactic acid builds up due to the shortage of oxygen. This is known as an oxygen debt, which needs to be paid back once exercising has finished.
The lactic acid build-up will soon make your muscles feel tired and painful, so exercising anaerobically can only be carried out for short periods of time.

13. Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used.
Glucose Produces…

14. Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used.
Glucose produces…
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
Lactic acid quickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long!

15. The rest is converted into heat to warm the body.
Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used.
Glucose produces…
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
Lactic acid quickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long!
The rest is converted into heat to warm the body.

16. Energy systems Anaerobic system The emergency source of energy.
The energy supply for intensive activities last 2-3 min.
Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP
Lactic acid ► Acidosis ► upper lactate threshold (4mmol/l)
Muscle soreness-fatigue
Mental impairments
Recovery time: 75min. + cool down activity
Dr. taghavi

17. Aerobic Respiration – With Oxygen The Process of Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration involves the release of energy from the slow breakdown of glucose using oxygen, inside the cells.
Water
Glucose
1. Glucose and oxygen are transported to the working muscles by the blood.
Energy for Muscles
to contract and
create Movement
2. Glucose and oxygen are then used by the muscles of the body to produce energy.
Carbon Dioxide
3. This process creates carbon dioxide and water.
Oxygen
4. The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.

18. How Aerobic Respiration Happens…1 2 3
Glucose and oxygen are carried by the haemoglobin in the
red blood cells.
Glucose and oxygen pass into all the muscle cells of the body and is used to help produce energy for muscular contractions.
Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide & water as waste products.
Facts about Aerobic Respiration
During aerobic respiration, the heart and lungs supply the muscles with plenty of oxygen.
The carbon dioxide is breathed out via the lungs, while the water is lost as sweat, urine or in the air we breathe out as water vapour.
As long as the muscles are supplied with enough oxygen, exercising aerobically can be carried out for a long period of time.

19. Energy systems Aerobic system
The main source for long lasting exercises.
Fats + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP
1- Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP
2- Lactic acid + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP
Carbohydrate store is limited but Fat store is unlimited.
Low intensity exercises ► burn fats
High intensity exercises ► burn carbohydrate
Well trained athlete burn fats for a longer time thus saving carbohydrate.
Training increase aerobic capacity by 50%.
Dr. taghavi

20. Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Glucose and
oxygen produce…

21. Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
Glucose and
oxygen produce…

22. Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Some is used for
muscle contractions,
creating movement.
The rest is converted
into heat to warm the body.
Glucose and
oxygen produce…
Water, which is carried away by the blood and excreted through the lungs, sweat and urine.
Carbon dioxide, which is carried away by the blood & excreted through the lungs.

23. Sports Max. Speed Max. Endurance Complex Speed & Endurance Wrestling
Low weights Max. Speed
High weights Max. Endurance
Dr. taghavi

24. The Roles of the Three Energy Systems in Competitive Sport

25. Muscle fibers Slow Twitch – Type I Fast Twitch – Types IIa & IIb
Dr. taghavi

26. Muscle fibers Fibre Type Type I Fibers Type IIa Fibers Type IIb Fibers
Contraction time
Slow
Fast
Very Fast
Size of motor neuron
Small
Large
Very Large
Resistance to fatigue
High
Intermediate
Low
Activity Used for
Aerobic
Long term anaerobic
Short term anaerobic
Force production
Very High
Mitochondrial density
Capillary density
Oxidative capacity
Glycolytic capacity
Major storage fuel
Fat
Glycogen , CP
CP, Glycogen
Dr. taghavi

27. Muscle fibers ratio Sprinters Shot putters Long-high jumpers
Middle-distance runners
5, 10 km- Semi marathon
Marathon & Ultra long distance FT
<30 sec CP
Throwing, Jumping, 100m sprint, Tennis
FT + ST
30 sec–1 min
CP+Lac
m sprint, 100m swimming
ST + FT
1-3 min
Lac+O2
800m running, wrestling ST
>30 min O2
Marathon, Cross-country Skiing, Cycling
Dr. taghavi

28. Aerobic System Energy Systems in Wrestling Lactic Acid
Anaerobic System
Lactic Acid
100%
Energy
Aerobic System
ATP-PC
Time sec min
Dr. taghavi

29. Aerobic System Energy Systems in Wrestling Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135
100%
Aerobic System
70%
HR-reserve
Intensity
Time sec min
Dr. taghavi

30. Energy Systems in Wrestling
Anaerobic System
100%
70%
Aerobic System
HR-reserve
Intensity
Time sec min
Dr. taghavi

31. Energy Systems in Wrestling
Anaerobic System
100%
70%
Aerobic System
HR-reserve
Intensity CP CP
Time sec min
Dr. taghavi

32. Source of energy for wrestling
Fuel
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
Energy Systems
Anaerobic ATP-PC
Anaerobic Lactic acid
Aerobic
ATP
ENERGY
MOVEMENT
Intensity of Sport
Duration
Dr. taghavi

33. Anaerobic System in wrestling
Carbohydrate
Anaerobic System
Anaerobic ATP-PC
Anaerobic Lactic acid
ATP
ENERGY
▲ Lactic Acid
Concentration
In Muscles
▲ Muscular pain
▼ Muscular contraction
▼ Mental concentration
Weakness
Dr. taghavi

34. Targeted training
Training should be specific, targeted at the energy system involved in the particular sport.
Optimal training takes place at a workout intensity that maximally activates the complete energy system necessary for the sport.
Dr. taghavi

35. The best indicator to determine the exercise intensity is
Heart Rate
Heart Rate
Workload intensity
The best indicator to determine the exercise intensity is
Heart Rate Monitoring
Dr. taghavi

36. Training intensity is essential for reaching maximum performance.
Low intensity Necessary intensity High intensity
Not improve Success Injury-Overtraining
As condition improves, training intensity should also increase.
Training scheme should be continually evaluated & adapted.
Dr. taghavi

37. The best training control equipment
Dr. taghavi

38. Thank you for your attention.
Dr. M Taghavi