1. CIV911 Water Supply Engineering Dr P J Sallis Dr C A Weatherell Dr D Werner Prof T Donnelly Dr G Parkin

2. Introduction to Module and Coursework Main components of water supply Why water needs treating Main water treatment unit processes Summary and scope of design coursework Further reading

3. Main Components of Water Supply Water Treatment Plant River Impounding Reservoir Service Reservoir Distribution Network Trunk Main Feeder Main Distribution Main

4. What needs to be removed from the water? Colour Suspended solids Turbidity Pathogens Hardness Taste and odour Harmful chemicals

5. Drinking water should be: Palatable Safe Clear Colourless Odourless Reasonably soft Non-corrosive Low organic content

6. Main Water Treatment Unit Processes Screening and storage Aeration pH adjustment Coagulation Flocculation Clarification Filtration Disinfection Tertiary processes Monitoring Sludge removal

7. Screening and storage Preliminary screening Storage Fine screening Microstraining

8. Aeration Why? –Reduces taste and odours –Reduces corrosiveness –Oxidises iron and manganese Types –Bubbled air –Cascade –Fountain –Packed towers –Diffusers

9. pH Adjustment Why? –To ensure maximum efficiency of processes –To avoid metal corrosion –To avoid salt deposition Acids used to decrease pH Alkalis used to increase pH –Lime –sodium carbonate –Caustic soda

10. Coagulation Small particles left after screening –Negatively charged –Repel each other –Settle very slowly Adding a coagulant –Destabilises the particles –Induces aggregation into larger flocs –Larger flocs settle quickly Common coagulants –Aluminium sulphate (alum) –Aluminium hydroxide –Iron chloride –Lime Rapid mixing required –Flash-mixer –Mixing channel

11. Flocculation Gentle mixing after coagulation –Paddle mixer –Turbine mixer Increases chance of particles colliding Larger flocs formed

12. Clarification Settlement of flocs –Water flows upward –Flocs settle downwards –Thick sludge blanket develops –Further flocculation occurs –Clarified water flows over weir –Sludge bleeding regularly Many designs –Inclined plate, parallel plate, tube settlers

13. Filtration Removal of residual fine solids by –Downward flow of water through layers of sand and gravel Filter must be cleaned when –Particles clog the surface –Flow rate becomes too low Rapid sand/gravity filters –Coarse sand –High flow, small –Regular back-washing Slow sand filters –Fine sand over course sand or gravel –Low flow, large –Biological as well as physical treatment –Remove pathogenic bacteria, taste, odour, nitrogen and phosphorus –Top layer of sand replaced every few months –Expensive

14. Disinfection Residual pathogen bacteria and viruses Complete sterilization not feasible Ozone disinfection –Efficient –Expensive –Required on-site manufacture –Lack of residual disinfection Ultraviolet radiation disinfection –Effective if exposure time is adequate –Used in small scale –Lack of residual disinfectiom Chlorination disinfection –Readily available –Cheap –Provides residual disinfection –Not as aggressive as ozone –Very reactive (e.g. with organic compounds and ammonia)

15. Tertiary Processes Soluble inorganic residuals –Precipitation softening Lime, soda ash –Ion exchange softening Natural zeolite resins Non-biodegradable organic residuals –Activated carbon Granular (GAC) Powdered (PAC)

16. Monitoring Routine monitoring –of pH, residual chlorine, fluoride, aluminium, iron, dissolved oxygen, colour, turbidity, ammonia, total organic carbon, nitrate, flow –before, after and between processes Fish monitors –Before and after treatment –For trace contaminants –Fish response triggers alarms

17. Sludge Removal Large amounts of thin slurry produced in water treatment –Gelatinous hydroxide sludge from coagulation and clarification –Precipitation sludge from water softening –Back-wash water from sand filters –Wash-water from microstrainers –Spent fine sand and PAC Sludge treatment –Dry in shallow lagoons –Dewater in filter press Sludge disposal –Landfill site –Spread on land –Incinerated

18. Summary and Scope of Design Coursework Screening and storage Aeration pH adjustment Coagulation Flocculation Clarification Filtration Disinfection Tertiary processes Monitoring Sludge removal Water supply infrastructure

19. Further Reading Twort, A.C., Ratnayaka, D.D. & Brandt, M.J. (2000) Water Supply, 5 th Edition. Arnold / IWA Publishing, London. Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, M.J.Jr. (2001) Water and Wastewater Technology, 4th Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Kiely, G. (1998) Environmental Engineering, International Edition. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Viessman, W. Jr. & Hammer, M. J. (1998) Water Supply and Pollution Control, 6 th Edition. Addison Wesley Longman, California.