2. AP Biology Chemistry of Carbon Chapter 4 Building Blocks of Life

3. AP Biology Why study Carbon?  All of life is built on carbon  Cells  ~72% H 2 O  ~____________% carbon compounds  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids  ~3% salts  Na, Cl, K…

4. AP Biology Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds  Organic chemistry is the study of _____________________________________compounds  Organic compounds- compounds containing _____________________________________, and usually _____________________________________  Ex. ________________Methane  Synthesized _____________________________________ in early Earth  Exception- ______________(inorganic)

5. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules _____________________________________ 4 major classes of macromolecules: _____________________________________

6. AP Biology Carbons forms diverse molecules by bonding to four other Atoms  4 valence electrons- valence of __________  Bonding partners: _____________________________________  Forms _____________________________________ bonds  May be _____________________________________ or _____________________________________  _____________________________________  Tetra= 4

7. AP Biology Tetrahedral  Forms _____________________________________ Occurs when Carbon forms _______ _____________________________________ bonds with other atoms (arrangement of orbitals) known as a tetrahedral shape  Ex. Methane (CH4)  Ethane (C2H6)  Ethene (ethylene)- 2 Carbon atoms joined by a _____________________________________ bond  Forms a flat molecule- Carbons are in same plane  _____________________________________ of molecule determines _____________________________________

8. AP Biology Properties of Carbon  C atoms are versatile building blocks  Bonding properties  4 stable covalent bonds  Accounts for diversity of biological molecules HH C H H

9. AP Biology Studies of Organic Compounds  _____________________________________ belief in life outside physical and chemical laws  No longer accepted  Freidrich _____________________________________ 1828 ; German chemist attempted to make an “inorganic” salt (Ammonia cyanate) by mixing ammonia ions (NH4+) and cyanate ions (CNO-)  Made _____________________________________ organic compound found in _____________________________________  Hermann _____________________________________ Wohler’s student made _____________________________________ acid from inorganic compounds  Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds from early life’s elements- _____________________________________ experiment (1953)

10. AP Biology Carbon Skeleton Variation  _____________________________________  Ethane, Propane  _____________________________________ straight or branched  Butane  _____________________________________ Bonds  Butene  _____________________________________  Benzene

11. AP Biology

12. Hydrocarbons (HC)  Organic compounds consisting of only C & H  Ex. _____________________________________, Butene, Benzene, _____________________________________  _____________________________________  ________________prevalent in _____________________________________  Except lipids- hydrocarbon tails  ______________at room temp  _____________________________________ methane (simplest HC)

13. AP Biology Hydrocarbons (HC)  Prevalent in _____________________________________  Ex. _____________________________________, gasoline  _____________________________________(______________)  Store large amounts of energy  Ex. Fats in mammals stored in

14. AP Biology Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys

15. AP Biology Isomers  Molecules with ____________________________molecular formula but different structures (shapes)  different ____________________________ properties  different biological ____________________________ 6 carbons

16. AP Biology 3 Types of Isomers  ____________________________ - ____________________________ covalent partners  May be differ in location of ____________________________ bonds  ____________________________ - ____________________________ covalent partners, different ____________________________ arrangement  Difference in shape- affects biological activity  ____________________________ - ____________________________ images of each other  Middle Carbon- ____________________________ Carbon  Ex. ________________________& ____________________________ models  Important for pharmaceuticals  Asthma and pain medications

17. AP Biology 3 Types of isomers

18. AP Biology Form affects function  Structural differences create important functional significance  amino acid ____________________________  L-alanine used in proteins  but not D-alanine  medicines  L-version active  but not D-version  sometimes with tragic results… stereoisomers

19. AP Biology Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

20. AP Biology Form affects function  Thalidomide  prescribed to ____________________________ women in 50s & 60s  reduced ____________________________ sickness, but…  stereoisomer caused severe birth defects

21. AP Biology Functional groups  Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical ____________________________  give organic molecules distinctive properties ____________________________ ____________________________  Affect reactivity  makes hydrocarbons ____________________________  increase solubility in water

22. AP Biology Viva la difference!  Basic structure of male & female hormones is ____________________________  identical ____________________________ ______________  attachment of different functional groups  interact with different targets in the body  different effects

23. AP Biology Carbonyl  ____________________________  O double bonded to C  if C=O at end molecule = ____________________________  if C=O in middle of molecule = ____________________________

24. AP Biology Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

25. AP Biology Hydroxyl  –____________________________  organic compounds with OH = ____________________________  names typically end in -ol  Ethanol  Hydroxyl

26. AP Biology Amino  - ____________________________  N attached to 2 H  compounds with NH 2 = ____________________________  amino acids  NH 2 acts as base  ammonia picks up H + from solution

27. AP Biology Sulfhydryl  –____________________________  S bonded to H  compounds with SH = ____________________________  SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins

28. AP Biology Phosphate  –____________________________  P bound to 4 O  connects to C through an O  lots of O = lots of negative charge  highly ____________________________  transfers energy between organic molecules  ATP, GTP, etc.

29. AP Biology Carboxyl  –____________________________  C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group  compounds with COOH = ____________________________  fatty acids  amino acids

30. AP Biology 29

31. AP Biology ATP  Adenosine ____________________________(ATP)- cells main energy souce  Organic compound attached to 3 ____________________________ groups  Adenosine ____________________________(ADP)-  A Phosphate may split off in ____________________________

32. AP Biology H2OH2O HO H HH Polymers  Long molecules built by ____________________________ repeating building blocks in a chain  ____________________________  building blocks  repeated small units  covalent bonds Dehydration synthesis

33. AP Biology Building & Breaking Polymers _ _____________________ polymers from monomer ________________________ = _____________________ Monomer+ Monomer Polymer ________________________ = water _____________________ _____________________ down polymers into monomers ____________________ = _____________________ _____________________ = Break _____________________ Polymer Monomers Hydrolysis Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction

34. AP Biology H2OH2O HO H HH How to build a polymer  _____________________________________  joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out  one monomer donates OH –  other monomer donates H +  together these form H 2 O  requires ________________________ & __________________________ enzyme Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction You gotta be open to “bonding!

35. AP Biology 34 Dehydration Synthesis

36. AP Biology H2OH2O HOH H H How to break down a polymer  ______________________________  use H 2 O to breakdown polymers  reverse of dehydration synthesis  cleave off one monomer at a time  H 2 O is split into H + and OH –  H + & OH – attach to ends  requires _________________________________  releases energy Breaking up is hard to do! Hydrolysis Digestion enzyme

37. AP Biology 36