1. EUMETSAT H-SAF: EUMETSAT SATELLITE APPLICATIONS FACILITY ON SUPPORT TO OPERATIONAL HYDROLOGY AND WATER MANAGEMENT Paolo Rosci ITAF Met Service H-SAF CDOP Science Manager COSMO GM, 07/09/2011 1

2. H-SAF soil moisture products based on METOP-ASCAT scatterometer data H-SAF Soil Moisture Cluster Stefan Hasenauer (1) (prepared), Wolfgang Wagner (1), Barbara Zeiner (2), Alexander Jann (2), Patricia de Rosnay (3), Clement Albergel (3) (1) Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria (2) Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria (3) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, UK sh@ipf.tuwien.ac.at www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/radar COSMO General Meeting Rome, 5-9 September 2011

3.  Satellite Application Facility (SAF) in a nutshell  H-SAF overview  Requirements on satellite soil moisture  Product characteristics and generation chains Large-scale soil moisture Small-scale soil moisture Assimilated soil moisture  Recent validation activities and results In-situ measurements Hydrological model data  Conclusions Contents COSMO GM, 7 Sep 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture 3

4. EUMETSAT SAF Overview  8 SAF: Satellite Application Facility  Specialization on topics and themes  Providing products and services to users  Part of the EUMETSAT application ground segment  Location: at the Weather Services in EUMETSAT Member and Co-operating States 4 COSMO GM, 7 Sep 2011

5. EUMETSAT SAF Overview 5 SAF Continuous Development and Operations Phase (2007-2012)Initial Operations PhaseDevelopment Phase SAF Project SAF in support to Nowcasting & Very Short Range Forecasting SAF on Ocean and Sea Ice SAF on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring SAF on Numerical Weather Prediction SAF on Climate Monitoring SAF on GRAS Meteorology SAF on Land Surface Analysis 1997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012 H-SAF COSMO GM, 7 Sep 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture

6. 6 COSMO GM, 07/09/2011 AUSTRIA ZENTRAL ANSTALT FUR METEOROLOGIE UN GEODYNAMIC BELGIUM ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE ECMWF EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS FINLAND ILMATIETEEN LAITOS FRANCE METEO-FRANCE GERMANY BUNDESANSTALT FUR GEWASSERKUNDE HUNGARY HUNGARIAN METEO SERVICE ITALY USAM-CNMCA PROTEZIONE CIVILE CNR -ISAC POLAND INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND WATER MANAGEMENT SLOVAKIA HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE TURKEY TURKISH STATE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE The H-SAF Consortium and Partners BULGARIA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY TU WIEN TELESPAZIO H-SAF Consortium: Lead Entity: Italian Meteorological Service 8 EUMETSAT member states and 3 cooperating States + ECMWF

7.  to guarantee operational provision of high quality level 2/3 satellite- derived products and services for: PRECIPITATION SOIL MOISTURE SNOW  to perform independent product validation and assessment of the usefulness of the consolidated/improved products  to put in operations new satellite-derived products H-SAF Overall Objectives 7 COSMO GM, 07/09/2011

8. The Precipitation task 8 COSMO GM, 07/09/2011 To generate and guarantee operational provision of precipitation measurements with unprecedented quality, thanks to the operational availability of microwave radiometers (SSM/I SSMIS on DMSP), and IR radiometry (SEVIRI) MW temperature and humidity sounders (AMSU-A and AMSU-B or MHS) on NOAA and MetOp satellites also contribute on providing information on precipitation.

9. Precipitation Products Precipitation rate at ground by MW conical scanners Precipitation rate at ground by MW cross-track scanners Precipitation rate at ground by GEO/IR supported by LEO/MW Precipitation rate at ground by LEO/MW supported by GEO/IR (with flag for phase) Accumulated precipitation at ground by blended MW and IR Instantaneous and accumulated precipitation at ground by NWP model H01 PR-OBS-1 H02 PR-OBS-2 H03 PR-OBS-3 H04 PR-OBS-4 H05 PR-OBS-5 H06 PR-ASS-1 In development Pre-Operational In development Blended SEVIRI Convection area / LEO MW precipitation - NEW PRODUCT H15 PR-OBS-6 Status Operational 9 COSMO GM, 07/09/2011 In development Product DescriptionIdentifier

10. 10 COSMO GM, 07/09/2011 To generate and guarantee operational provision of snow cover information (detection, status, fractional cover, water equivalent) in near real-time through VIS/IR radiometry and MW radiometry The measurements generate intermediate products on flat and forested areas and mountainous areas in separate operational chains, which are then merged to the final products The Snow task

11. Snow detection (snow mask) by VIS/IR radiometry Snow status (dry/wet) by MW radiometry Effective snow cover by VIS/IR radiometry Snow water equivalent by MW radiometry H10 SN-OBS-1 H11 SN-OBS-2 H12 SN-OBS-3 H13 SN-OBS-4 In development Status Snow Products 11 COSMO GM, 07/09/2011 In development Product DescriptionIdentifier

12. 12 COSMO GM, 07/09/2011 To generate and guarantee operational provision of soil moisture measurements both on the surface layer and in the root region by mean of microwave technique, and in particular the ERS and MetOp scatterometers, (in the low frequency region (1-10 GHz)) thanks to the high sensitivity of microwaves to the water content in the soil surface layer The primary instrument for all soil moisture products is ASCAT on MetOp. The Soil Moisture task

13.  Application and users (Operational) Hydrology, Climate monitoring  Spatio-temporal resolution Near real-time, Europe  Specification Standardized file formats: BUFR, GRIB  Characterisation Validation programmes, EUMETSAT reviews H-SAF SM User Requirements COSMO GM 7 Sep 2011 13 End-user requirements for soil moisture products Test sites hydrological validation

14. Basic retrieval assumptions  Information from multi-incidence angle observations from scatterometers Steppe Mongolia - Choybalsan (115E 48N) pot. Biomass: 300 g/m 2 28 Nov - 6 Dec 1993 Temperate Zone Russia - Roslav (33E 54N) pot. Biomass: 900 g/m 2 16 Sep - 24 Sep 1995 Tropical Forest CAR - Berberati (16E 4N) pot. Biomass: 1920 g/m 2 15 Apr - 26 Apr 1997 Vegetation change Soil moisture change

15. Mean Soil Moisture Seasonal Cycle COSMO GM, 7 Sep 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture 15

16. Soil Moisture Products: SM-OBS-3 16  Large-scale surface soil moisture observed by radar scatterometer (TU-Wien/ZAMG) Sensor: METOP-ASCAT Cycle: 36 hours for full coverage over Europe, available globally over land Resolution: 25 km, Timeliness: 130 min Dissemination: EUMETCast Format: BUFR

17.  Small-scale surface soil moisture observed by radar scatterometer (TU-Wien/ZAMG) Sensor: METOP-ASCAT, together with ENVISAT ASAR Cycle: 36 hours for full coverage over Europe Resolution: Basic 25 km, sampling to 1 km Timeliness: ~130 min Format: BUFR Concept: Temporal stability of backscatter with ENVISAT ASAR (C-Band) SM-OBS-2 EGU, 6 April 2011 17

18. SM-OBS-2 18 Correlation between local and regional ENVISAT ASAR GM backscatter Left: SM-OBS-1 (25 km ASCAT), right: SM-OBS-2 (1 km downscaled surface soil moisture). No-data values are masked and given a quality flag information. ENVISAT ASAR GM coverage of European Database (March 2011) Applying linear regression model: DSSM(local) = c + d * SSM(regional), where: DSSM…downscaled surface soil moisture; c,d…intercept, slope; SSM……surface soil moisture resampled.

19. Input: ASCAT SM-OBS: Surface Soil Moisture Index Top soil moisture measured: 0-2 cm ASCAT SM-DAS-2: Root Zone SM Profile Variable of interest for Soil-Plant-Atm interaction, Climate, NWP, hydrological applications Root Zone SM Profile: Accurate retrieval requires to account for physical processes  SM-DAS-2 Root zone retrieval based on Data Assimilation ASCAT Root Zone Soil Moisture Retrieval 0 Soil Moist m 3 m- 3 x 100 15 Soil Moisture Vertical Profile d1 d2 d3 d4

20. ASCAT SM data assimilation SM-OBS (surface swath)  SM-DAS (Root Zone profile global) ECMWF Atmospheric conditions EKF Soil Moisture Analysis SYNOP T2m RH2m SM-OBS: ASCAT Surface SM SM-DAS-2: Soil Moisture Profile H-SAF CDOP: SM-DAS-2 Production chain Quality Control  use data when: - Incidence angle: cell number € [11,26] - Topographic complexity ≤ 20 - Wetland Fraction ≤ 15 - Noise level ≤ 8 For Surface conditions: - Surface is snow free - Soil not frozen 4 layers: 0-7cm 7-28 cm 28-100 cm 100-289cm

21.  Volumetric soil moisture (roots region) by assimilation in NWP model (ECMWF) Sensor: METOP-ASCAT Format: GRIB (regular reduced Gaussian grid or latitude/longitude grid) Content: 4 different soil layers (covering the root zone from the surface to 2.9m) Cycle: 24 hours Resolution: 16 km (T1279) Timeliness: 36 hours SM-DAS-2 EGU, 6 April 2011 21 Fig. 12-Soilmoistureassimilationproductgenerationchain. Surface Data Assimilation System SM-OBS-1 Conventional observations Satellite observations Integrated Forecast System SM-ASS-1-Soil moisture from ECMWF assimilation ZAMG product data base Fig. 12-Soilmoistureassimilationproductgenerationchain. Surface Data Assimilation System SM-OBS-1 Conventional observations Satellite observations Integrated Forecast System SM-ASS-1-Soil moisture from ECMWF assimilation ZAMG product data base Surface Data Assimilation System SM-OBS-1 Conventional observations Satellite observations Integrated Forecast System SM-ASS-1-Soil moisture from ECMWF assimilation ZAMG product data base

22.  Ground based systems (in-situ) Single campaign datasets Continuous monitoring sites  e.g. ISMN (International Soil Moisture Network)  Modelled data Hydrological model data Soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer model  Inter-comparison with other satellite products Active vs. passive microwave products Validation Approaches COSMO GM, 7 Sep 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture 22

23. SM-OBS-3 vs. in-situ and model  Continuous rainfall-runoff model (MISDc)  Upper Tiber River, Italy  Assimilation improves runoff prediction H-SAF Soil Moisture 23 Results with and without ASCAT SWI* assimilation for the NIC (a, b) catchment in the period Jan-2007 – Jun-2009: a) observed rainfall and simulated saturation degree; b) observed versus simulated discharge for the sequence of the most significant flood events occurred in the period. Brocca, L., F. Melone, et al. (2010): "Improving runoff prediction through the assimilation of the ASCAT soil moisture product" Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. (14), 4113-4144. doi:10.5194/hessd-7- 4113-2010

24. SM-OBS-3 vs. SIM H-SAF Soil Moisture 24 Draper, C., Mahfouf, J.-F., Calvet, J.-C., and Martin, E. (2010): Assimilation of ASCAT soil moisture products into the SIM hydrological platform. Final Report for the H-SAF Associated Scientist Program (AS09_01), 50 p. Maps of the mean (left) and standard deviation (right) of the near-surface soil moisture (m3m-3) from January 2007 to May 2010, from SIM (left) and ASCAT (right).

25. SM-DAS-2 (0-7 cm) vs in situ (5 cm) R (-) Bias (-) RMSE (-) SBR 0.810.1920.216 URG 0.88-0.1000.239 CRD 0.820.4680.474 PRG 0.860.0790.128 CDM 0.85-0.0200.096 LHS 0.820.0020.114 SVN 0.850.1030.174 MNT 0.85-0.1030.177 SFL 0.890.1110.142 MTM 0.890.1560.180 LZC 0.790.2320.261 NBN0.900.1130.140 Average : R=0.85, bias =0.104, RMSE=0.195 Relative error = 0.046 m 3 m -3 Courtesy of C. Albergel (ECMWF) SM-DAS-2 vs. in-situ

26.  SM-OBS-3 (large-scale)  SM-OBS-2 (small-scale)  SM-DAS-1 (assimilated, now SM-DAS-2) Validation compliance COSMO GM, 7 Sep 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture 26

27. 27 COSMO GM - Rome, 07/09/2011 Each product is furnished with: PRD: Product requirements document ATDD: Algorithm Theoretical Definition Documentation PUM: Product User Manual PVR: Product Validation Report HVR: Hydrological Validation Report A common validation methodology document is also available The Products documentation

28. Conclusions  H-SAF: new satellite soil moisture products for Europe Large-scale soil moisture (surface, relative index, BUFR):01 May 2009 – now Small scale soil moisture (with ENVISAT ASAR, BUFR): 22 Sep 2009 – now Assimilated soil moisture (root zone, GRIB): 01 Jul 2008 – 31 Aug 2010  Validated datasets First results with in-situ and hydrological model data comparison Further work ongoing with hydrological model data/data assimilation  Challenges and research needs Investigating spatial variability and error characterisation of scaling approaches  Contact points  H-SAF project web-page: http://hsaf.meteoam.it  International Soil Moisture Network: www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/insitu  SM-OBS-03; SM-OBS-02: Stefan Hasenauer: sh@ipf.tuwien.ac.at, www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/radar  SM-DAS-02: Patricia de Rosnay: Patricia.Rosnay@ecmwf.int H-SAF Soil Moisture 28 COSMO GM, 5-9 Sep 2011

29. Thank you for your attention 29

30. In-situ data source  www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/insitu Freely available, online data viewer H-SAF Soil Moisture 30

31. Required geographic coverage for H-SAF products. - Required H-SAF coverage: 25-75°N lat, 25°W - 45°E long.

32. Organizational scheme of H-SAF CDOP COSMO GM, 07/09/2011

33. European C-Band Scatterometers ERSASCAT COSMO GM, 7 Sep 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture 33

34.  Instrument Advanced Scatterometer  Frequency 5.26 GHz (C-Band)  Polarisation VV  Spatial Resolution 25/50 km  Temporal Resolution 8-15 files/day over Europe, full coverage within 1.6 days  Data format BUFR, native EPS METOP ASCAT COSMO GM, 5-9 Sep 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture 34

35. CDOP – plans for the near future SM-ASS2:  Soil Wetness Index in the root zone resulting from assimilation of SM-OBS- in a NWP model.  It will be characterized by: The potential of several observations, co-assimilated with the ASCAT surface soil moisture in the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS), will be exploited through a multi-variate data assimilation system Combined assimilation of precipitation/cloud affected radiances over land with ASCAT soil moisture data => a better consistence between soil moisture and precipitation Extension of the EKF for assimilation of H-SAF snow products => improvement of soil moisture products and better consistency of the hydrological cycle variables

36. SM-OBS-3 vs. in-situ and model  ASCAT considered reliable, well reproduced the in-situ‚ observed‘ temporal pattern.  SWI correlation coefficients R >0.90  RMSE <0.035 m³/m³ (linear rescaled) H-SAF Soil Moisture 36 Simulated saturation degree for a layer depth of 3 cm versus the three ASCAT saturation degree products, ms, SWI, and SWI* and for the three investigated sites: a) Vallaccia, b) Cerbara, and c) Spoleto Brocca, L., F. Melone, et al. (2010): "ASCAT soil wetness index validation through in situ and modeled soil moisture data in central Italy“, Remote Sensing of Environment 114(11): 2745- 2755. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.06.009

37. SM-OBS-2 vs. model  Filtered and bias-corrected ASCAT data Bibeschbach-catchment in Luxembourg, 16 probes  ASCAT has potential to help monitoring how river systems approach critical thresholds, operational perspective 37 EGU, 6 April 2011H-SAF Soil Moisture Matgen P., S. Heitz, S. Hasenauer, C. Hissler, L. Brocca, L. Hoffmann, W. Wagner, H. Savenije: „On the potential of METOP ASCAT-derived soil wetness indices as a new aperture for hydrological monitoring and prediction: a field evaluation over Luxembourg” (submitted)

38. SM-OBS-2 vs. in-situ H-SAF Soil Moisture 38 Green: Development Phase, Red: Recent

39. SM-DAS-2SM-OBS-2SMOS Correlation0.70.530.54 Bias (obs-product) -0.05-0.0680.12 RMSD0.2350.2550.243 Evaluation and comparison of SM-DAS-2, SM-OBS-2, SMOS, for 219 Stations across 4 continents (SCAN, SMOSMANIA, SWATMEX, OZNET, AMMA, REMEDHUS, UMSUOL, UDC-SMOS) (Albergel et al, in prep 2011) SM-DAS-2 Evaluation