1. GRAIN, FIBBER AND FRUIT PRODUCTION IN THE CERRADO DEVELOPMENT Carlos R. Spehar, spehar@unb.br UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA – UnB FACULDADE DE AGRONOMIA E MEDICINA VETERINARIA – FAV

2. CERRADO 30 to 80% of Soybean, Cotton, Maize, Phaseolus Beans, Sorghum, Sunflower, Pineapple and Passion Fruit National Production Just to mention the, presently, outstanding crops Technology High Profitable Yields

3. Traditional Zone versus Cerrado: Main Conditioners Topography Slopes Rainfall Distributed Temperature Limiting in winter Soils Low-Medium CEC Infrastructure Suitable Distance (Sea port, Industry) Short to Medium Immense Plateaux Concentrated Favourable all year Very Low CEC Deficient Long

4. CLIMATE

5. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

6. DIVERSITY In virgin savannah land there are up to 300 species ha -1

7. CERRADO EXPLOITATION

8. THE PAST

9. Low Input Rice and Pasture Associated Cropping Domestic Fruit Culture – Tropical and Native Cotton, Beans and Maize in Patches of Naturally Fertile Soils Until the early 1970`s

10. THE 30 YEARS OF SILENT REVOLUTION

11. Evolution of average yields (t ha -1 ) for major crops, from 1975 to 2005, related to the potential identified by research Crop 1 Average YieldIncrease Rate (1975-2005) Potential Yield 2 197519932005 Soybean1.322.202.81113 4.5 Maize1.572.704.3617710.5 Upland Rice1.031.202.32125 3.5 Phaseolus Beans0.480.711.83281 3.0 Wheat2.803.955.23 87 7.0 Cotton1.602.633.64127 4.5 Coffee0.821.332.35187 3.5 1 rain fed crops, except wheat; 2 average research yields. Adapted from SPEHAR, 2006.

12. Soybean Adaptation to Low Latitudes Soil Amendment Cropping Definition Monocrop (Soybean, Maize) Acidity and Nutrient Scarcity, Deep in the Soil > Root Growth Deficiency Information to Farmers Infrastructure, Distance Environmental Concern ADVANCES AND LIMITATIONS

13. Causes and Consequences of Reduced Information to Farmers Incomplete View of Production Factors Inadequate Solution to Problems Reduced Crop Performance and Income Infrastructure Scrapping Reduced Use of Technology Unsustainability Environmental Damage

14. Distance effect on income for major soybean producing States StateDistance 1 Received Price 2 Production Cost 3 Net Income 4 (Km)(US $/ha) Rio G. do Sul50061354568 Paraná50061354568 São Paulo50061354568 Minas Gerais70058754543 Mato Grosso a 1,200555570-15 Mato Grosso b 1,800525550-25 Goiás1,200555570-15 Bahia1,000565570 -5 Tocantins1,200555570-15 1 Average distance of production areas to port or industry; 2 Average price in 2006; 3 Regional average yield = 2.7 t/ha; 4 Net income = received price - production cost; s Southern area; n Northern area

15. Main technologies and actions applicable or adjustable to farming types in Tropical Savannah

16. TECHNOLOGY/ACTION FARMING TYPE FAMILYMEDIUMLARGE SCALE Natural Resource Survey and Utilization*** Climate Understanding and Monitoring*** Soil Amendment for Efficient Cropping*** Soil and Plant Management in Zero-Till*** Efficient Rhizobium Strains for Legume Crops*** Improved Legume, Fibber and Oil Crops*** High Performance Cereals*** Novel grains and fibbers ( Quinoa, Amaranth, Kenaf )** High Yielding Mango, Passion, Pineaple, Citrus** Novel Fruits, Native and Exotic**

17. THE FUTURE

18. DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITY FOR PROFIT ON SUSTAINABLE BASIS

19. SUSTAINABLE CROPPING > O.M. > Biological Activity > Porosity > H 2 O Retention Balanced Nutrition >Eficiency SOIL PLANT DIVERSITY

20. ItemUnitQuantityPrice MaizeQuinoaMaizeQuinoa Mineral Oill0.50-2.25- Desiccantl3.00-30.15- Seedkg20.015.0141.0015.00 Seed Treatmentkg0.30-18.00- Fertilizer 8-20-20kg500.00400.00255.00204.00 Insecticidekg0.03-5.50- Herbicide 1l0.50 38.00 Herbicide 2l3.00-25.40- N Band Application 1kg160.0080.0049.0024.50 N Band Application 2kg160.0060.0062.9023.60 Weed Management---90.00 Indirect CostR$474.78 Total CostR$1,101.98824.88 Yieldt/Ha7.202.00 IncomeR$1,440.002,000.00 Net ProfitR$338.021,175.12 Maize and quinoa production cost, income and net profit * ha -1 *US $1.00=R $2.10; values and exchange rates for 2006.

21. PROJECTED FIGURES

22. Cerrado utilization, cultivated area (Ha), production and value (US $): Present and Future Source: SPEHAR (2006). 1 AU=Animal Unit, irrespective of development phase and weight; 2 When transformation with added value is included, the total amounts to US $ 350 billion. 3 Native pasture, e*trativism, forestry. Utilization PresentFuture (year 2050) 2 Area (10 6 ) Production (10 6 ) Value (10 9 ) Area (10 6 ) Production (10 6 ) Value (10 9 ) Cultivated Pasture60.078 AU 1 7.850.0140 AU14.6 Grain Crops15.050 t9.540.0160 t33.6 Fruit, Fibber, Others 3 33.5-3.518.5-20.0 Total108.5-20.8108.5-68.2

23. PERSPECTIVE FOR DIVERSIFICATION

24. EventPeriodOriginResultConsequence Moving the Capital1956-1960PublicInstantHinterland Settlement Rural DevelopmentSavannah Farming Incentive1975-1985PublicMid-TermLand Purchase/Lease Research1975-2008Public - PrivateMid-TermTechnology Acquisition Extension1975-2008Public - PrivateMid-TermTechnology Transfer Training/Education1975-2008Public - PrivateLong-TermTechnology Application Main Infrastructure1975-1995Public - PrivateLong-TermProduction Flow Input Industry1975-2008Public - PrivateMid-TermInput/Output Supply Modern ProductionAgricultural Advance High Technology1990-2008Public - PrivateMid-TermIncreasing Yields Reduced Incentive1990-2008PublicMid-TermChange Farming Standard Information Delivery1995-2008Public - PrivateMid-TermTechnology Access Output Transformation1990-2008Private SectorLong-TermAdded Value Farming Support1995-2008PublicLong-TermBalanced Production Chronology of events related to Cerrado development, with respective origin, results and consequences.

25. Cerrado References for Savannah Agricultural Development Utilization of reliable statistics to guide development initiatives, pursuing the tools for success and the remedy for failure Survey on biophysical and socio-economic conditions, aiming at hierarchy of development components Quantification of environmental conditioners of agriculture and rural development Knowledge about the structure of land tenure Establishment of participatory public policies for development Demand identification and involvement of stakeholders - Technological packages Definition of institution, personnel, financial support, infrastructure and sources for prioritized research and development projects Definition of interest group, responsibilities and leadership geared at cooperative efforts and modus operandi of partnership Monitoring and correction measures during the process

26. Obrigado Gracias Thank You