1. Cell Structure & Function

2.  Robert Hooke-1665  Coined the word “cell”  Looked at cork cells  Robert Brown -1831  Discovered the "nucleus"  Theodor Schwann - 1838  Cells are unit of biological structure  Mattias Schleiden – ca. 1850  Cells are the fundamental basis of life  Virchow -1858  All cells come from cells

3. 1. Every living organism is made up of at least one cell. 2. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of mulicultural organisms. 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.

4. 100 m 10 m 1 m 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm 100  m 10  m 1  m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Electron Microscope Light Microscope Unaided eye Special E.M. Eukaryotic Cells Mitochondrion Virus Proteins Atoms

5.  Prokaryotic:  Smaller, 1—5 µm  No organelles  No nucleus  DNA in circular loop  Eukaryotic:  Larger, 8—100 µm  Membranous organelles  Nucleus  DNA in linear chromosomes 5

6.  All cells possess a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material  Plasma membrane has phospholipid bilayer, embedded glycoproteins  Isolates cytoplasm from environment  Regulates molecular movement into and out of cell  Interacts with other cells/environment 6

7.  Genetic material - DNA, found in the nucleus  Cytoplasm  Cytosol (the fluid part)  Water  Salts  Organic monomers and polymers  Organelles

8. Animal Cell Plant Cell Nucleus Golgi Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Centrioles Chloroplasts

9. Animal Cell Plant Cell Nucleolus Ribosomes Central Vacuole Smooth E.R. Cell Wall

10.  Protein fibers  Give Cell shape; networks of intermediate filaments  Help Cell movement; microfilaments & microtubules  Amoeboid movement  Muscle contraction  Cell migration during development  Organelle movement & suspension  Cyclosis; pathways for vesicle migration  Cell division

11. Microtubule Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Actin subunits Tubulin subunits Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondrion Plasma Membrane

12.  Tubular extensions of plasma membrane  Movement of fluid, or locomotion  Two functionally different types  Cilia: numerous, paddle-like, synchronized  Flagella: longer, fewer, more whip-like  Filled with microtubules  9 pairs in periphery; 2 singlets in center  “9+2” arrangement (for eukaryotes)

13. “Sheath” X.S. Cell Membrane Shaft Base (a Centriole) T.E.M. Paramecium X.S. 11 22 33 44 55

14. Shaft, x.s. Microtubule Doublets Cell Membrane Dynein Arms Central Singlets Microtubule Triplets Basal Body Basal Body, x.s.

15. Scanning E.M. of sperm on egg Corkscrew Movement (Pulls) Whipping Movement (Pushes) Water

16. Power StrokeRecovery Stroke Scanning E.M. of a ciliate

17.  Cell control and genetics  Seen Genes in thread-like chromosomes  Control production of all proteins  Bounded by nuclear envelope  Made up of Double lipid bilayer  Pores regulate transport  Not always at center of cell

18. Nucleolus Pores Chromatin Threads (Chromosomes) Nuclear Envelope

19.  Chromatin – DNA not coiled up into a chromosome  Chromosome – DNA coils around proteins called histones to create linear chromosomes  Contains nucleolus of RNA  Site of ribosome assembly

20. Plasma Membrane Nucleus Nuclear Pores

21. Nucleoli Nucleus Cell Wall Chromosomes

22.  -made of RNA and protein - Site of protein synthesis - Dark granules, (usually drawn as small circles)

24.  Folded membranes attached to nucleus  Rough ER - protein synthesis  Ribosomes chain amino acids into polypeptide  Ribosomes on outside surface of rough ER  Composed of rRNA and proteins  Smooth ER  Lipid synthesis

25. Ribosomes Unit Membrane Vesicles forming

26. Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes

27.  Processes material synthesized by ER  Packages material and provides “address label”  Distributes material in sacs called vesicles  Some for inside, others outside cell  Secretory vesicles merge with cell membrane  Synthesis and transport of polysaccharides

28. Material Received From ER Material Destined for Export TEM

29.  Produced by Golgi apparatus  Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes  Digestive system of cell  Digest material engulfed by cell  Digest and recycle damaged organelles

30. Lysosome Destined for Export Golgi Endoplasmic Reticulum Destined for Golgi

31.  Special kidney-like organelle  Draws water in from cytoplasm & expels it  Important for some single-celled freshwater animals  Requires ATP

32. 11 22 Paramecium sp. Expelling Water to Outside Expanded with Water

33.  Large, water-filled spaces (cell sap)  Can take up over 90% of cell volume  Surrounded by tonoplast (single membrane)  Functions:  Storage of pigments (red/blue), acids, salts, wastes  Maintain cell pressure (turgor pressure)

34. Vacuole (tonoplast) Cell Wall Cytoplasm Normal Plant Cell In Salt Water Space between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Normal In Salt Water

35.  “Powerhouse” of cell  Numerous  Glucose catabolism  Bounded by double membrane  Matrix / cristae  Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self- replicating

36. Cristae Matrix Outer Membrane Inner Membrane

37.  Green plants only  Captures light energy  Produces carbohydrate from CO 2 and H 2 O  In cytoplasm of mostly mesophyll cells of leaf  Stroma / grana (thylakoid stacks)  Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self- replicating

38. Thylakoids Outer Membrane Inner Membrane One Granum Stroma

39.  Associated w/photosynthesis  Double bilipid membrane  Many functions  Chloroplasts  Storage of pigments  Storage of photosynthetic products

40. Double Bilipid Membrane Starch Granules

41. Capsule Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Cytosol Nucleoid DNA Flagellum Plasmid DNA

42.  Small (<5 mircometers)  Cytosol, DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, (usually a cell wall too)  Nucleoid – location of chromosome  Single, circular chromosome  Plasmid – small DNA ring, separate from nucleoid

43.  Flagella with a 9+0 structure (never cillia)  Capsule/slime layer – polysaccharide coatings for protection  Pili – protein jutting out from cell wall

44. The end