1. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Take out your notebook and open to the prokaryote and eukaryote discussion notes. Take out your notebook and open to the prokaryote and eukaryote discussion notes.

2. Prokaryotic Cells

3. Prokaryotic cells Check your classification! Cells reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction where 1 cell divides into 2 identical cells) Cells reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction where 1 cell divides into 2 identical cells) Cells size is typically small (0.2 – 2.0 um) Smaller in size (1-10 um) Cells size is typically small (0.2 – 2.0 um) Smaller in size (1-10 um) Contain no membrane-bound organelles Contain no membrane-bound organelles Has cell walls Has cell walls Cells of most unicellular organisms Cells of most unicellular organisms Thought to be the earliest living organisms on Earth Thought to be the earliest living organisms on Earth Bacteria Bacteria Contains DNA Contains DNA

4. Eukaryotic Cells Plant CellAnimal Cell

5. Eukaryotic cells Check your classification! Has a true nucleus that has a nuclear membrane and nucleolus Has a true nucleus that has a nuclear membrane and nucleolus Contains membrane-bound organelles Contains membrane-bound organelles Has cell walls (plant cells) Has cell walls (plant cells) Cells: Reproduce through asexual binary fission Cells: Reproduce through asexual binary fission Organisms: Reproduce through sexual reproduction resulting in non-identical daughter cells Organisms: Reproduce through sexual reproduction resulting in non-identical daughter cells Cell size is typically large (2.0 um – 1.0 mm) Cell size is typically large (2.0 um – 1.0 mm) Cells of most multi-cellular organisms Cells of most multi-cellular organisms Animals and plants Animals and plants Contains DNA Contains DNA

6. BOTH – Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Additionally, prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (plants) both have cell walls

7. -Are (typically) membrane-bound structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells. -Are on the surface of cells as well as inside the cell membrane. Organelles

8. Surrounding the Cell

9. Cell Membrane (Animal and Plant) Job: Job: –Boundary between the inside and the outside of a cell –Is selectively permeable: (think Mr. Warren!) Location: Outside of the cell Location: Outside of the cell Composed of: Composed of: –Phospholipid bilayer –Transport proteins- move substances & waste materials through the plasma membrane –Integral proteins- proteins embedded in membrane that act as surface markers (ID’s) or receptors for chemical signals The model of the cell membrane is called the Fluid-Mosaic Model. (fluid – phospholipids move w/in the membrane, mosaic – patters created proteins on membrane surface) http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm

10.  Composition of a phospholipid

11. Cell Wall (Plant) Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Job: Supports & protects cells, almost acts as a shell Job: Supports & protects cells, almost acts as a shell Location: Exterior of the cell Location: Exterior of the cell Composed of: Cellulose fibrils Composed of: Cellulose fibrils

12. Cilia and Flagella (Animal and Prokaryotes) Job: Helps cells move and aids in fluid transport Job: Helps cells move and aids in fluid transport –Cilia = many little hairs on the cell body –Flagella = few/one tail(s) Location: On the exterior of the cell – in the cell matrix. Location: On the exterior of the cell – in the cell matrix. Composed of: membrane bound cylinders Composed of: membrane bound cylinders

13. Inside the Cell

14. Nucleus (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Directs cell activities, storage of genetic info/DNA (the brain of the cell) Location: Location: –Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane (envelope) Composed of: Composed of: –Chromatin/chromosomes (DNA) which is the blueprint for proteins  Chromatin- uncondensed DNA  Chromosomes- condensed DNA

15. Cytoplasm (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Suspension of eukaryotic organelles –Site of numerous chemical reactions (in cytosol or organelles) Location: Location: –Inside the cell membrane, inside individual organelles Composed of: Cytosol and Organelles Composed of: Cytosol and Organelles –Water, salts, protein filaments, and organic compounds –~ 70% of a cell’s volume

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Animal and Plant) Job: site of cellular chemical reactions, assembly of proteins Job: site of cellular chemical reactions, assembly of proteins –Rough: protein synthesis –Smooth: numerous biochemical activities, production and storage of lipids Location: in the cytoplasm Location: in the cytoplasm Composed of: A highly folded membrane, Rough ER has ribosomes embedded in it, smooth has no ribosomes Composed of: A highly folded membrane, Rough ER has ribosomes embedded in it, smooth has no ribosomes Two Types: Rough ER- Produces proteins & phospholipids (makes digestive enzymes) Smooth ER- Builds lipids (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone)

17. Ribosomes (Plant and Animal) Each cell contains thousands Each cell contains thousands Job: Make proteins Job: Make proteins Location: Found on the ER, on the nuclear envelope & floating throughout the cell Location: Found on the ER, on the nuclear envelope & floating throughout the cell Composed of: simple structure of 2 subunits: Composed of: simple structure of 2 subunits: –RNA –protein

18. Mitochondria (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Produces energy (ATP) through chemical reactions known as cellular respiration –Breaks down sugar molecules Location: Location: –in the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –Double membrane (outer, and a highly-folded inner membrane) and specific enzymes Facts: Facts: –Occur in various amounts depending on cell function –Has its own DNA

19. Golgi Apparatus (Plant and Animal) Job: Packaging plant Job: Packaging plant –Sorts proteins into packages and packs them into vesicles to be sent where they are needed Location: In the cytoplasm Location: In the cytoplasm Composed of: System like a flat stack of tubes Composed of: System like a flat stack of tubes

20. Lysosomes (Animal) Job: Job: –Digestive factory and breaks down waste (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) with enzymes –Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Location: In the cytoplasm Location: In the cytoplasm Composed of: Digestive enzymes enclosed in a protective membrane and a lipid bilayer Composed of: Digestive enzymes enclosed in a protective membrane and a lipid bilayer Cell breaks down if lysosomes explode - this is how a tadpole looses its tail when it turns into a frog! Cell breaks down if lysosomes explode - this is how a tadpole looses its tail when it turns into a frog!

21. Vacuoles (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Storage, digestion, and waste removal –Helps plants maintain their shape Location: Location: –In the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –Water & a thin membrane

22. Chloroplast (Plant) Job: Job: –Capture light energy (in thylakoid membranes) and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Location: Location: –In the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –A double membrane –Grana – stacks of membranous sacs called thylakoids.

23. Cytoskeleton (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Support and structure (think tent poles!) –Cell division and transport –Anchors organelles Location: Location: –In the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –Microtubules: thin hollow cylinders made of protein –Microfilaments: smaller, solid protein fibers

27. Let’s compare…