1. August 2005Snowmass Workshop Instrumentation of the Very Forward Region of a Linear Collider Detector Wolfgang Lohmann, DESY

2. SiD Forward Masking, Calorimetry & Tracking, 20 mrad crossing angle Simulation studies on several designs Used by H. Yamamoto IP VTX FTD 300 cm LumiCal BeamCal L* = 4m Design for 0-2 mrad crossing angle (FCAL design)

3. Functions of the very Forward Detectors Fast Beam Diagnostics Detection of electrons and photons at small polar angles- important for searches (see talk by Philip&Vladimir Measurement of the Luminosity with precision O(<10 -3 ) using Bhabha scattering (see talk by Halina) LumiCal: 26 <  < 82 mrad BeamCal: 4 <  < 28 mrad PhotoCal: 100 <  < 400  rad IP VTX FTD 300 cm LumiCal BeamCal L* = 4m PhotoCal downstram Shielding of the inner Detectors

4. Measurement of the Luminosity (LumiCal) Goal: <10 -3 Precision Gauge Process: Technology: Si-W Sandwich Calorimeter MC Simulations e + e - e + e - (  ) Optimisation of Shape and Segmentation, Key Requirements on the Design Physics Case: Giga-Z, Two Fermion Cross Sections at High Energy, e + e - W + W -

5. Inner Radius of Cal.: < 1-4 μm Distance between Cals.: < 60 μm Radial beam position: < 0.7 mm Requirements on Alignment and mechanical Precision (rough Estimate) LumiCal IP < 4 μm  < 0.7 mm Requirements on the Mechanical Design

6. Decouple sensor frame from absorber frame Sensor carriers Absorber carriers Concept for the Mechanical Frame

7.  Constant value value of the constant 0.11e-3 rad 0.13e-3 rad  30 layers 15 rings 20 rings 10 rings  4 layers 15 layers 11 layers 10 rings Performance Simulations for e + e - e + e - (  ) Event selection: acceptance, energy balance, azimuthal and angular symmetry. Simulation: Bhwide(Bhabha)+CIRCE(Beamstrahlung)+beamspread More in the talks by Halina Abramowicz

8. X- angle background Christian Grah, DESY-Zuethen Beamstrahlung pair background using serpentine field 250 GeV Number of Bhabha events as a function of the inner Radius of LumiCal Background from beamstrahlung

9. Fast Beam Diagnostics (BeamCal and PhotoCal) e+e+ e-e- 15000 e + e - per BX 10 – 20 TeV (10 MGy per year) e + e - Pairs from Beamstrahlung are deflected into the BeamCal GeV direct Photons for  < 200  rad Zero crossing angle 20 mrad Crossing angle

10. total energy first radial moment thrust value angular spread L/R, U/D F/B asymmetries Observables Quantity Nominal Value Precision xx 553 nm1.2 nm yy 5.0 nm0.1 nm zz 300  m4.3  m yy 00.4 nm Beam Parameter Determination with BeamCal Head-on or 2 mrad √s = 500 GeV

11. Quantity Nominal Value Precision xx 553 nm4.8nm yy 5.0 nm0.1 nm zz 300  m11.5  m yy 02.0nm Beam Parameter Determination with BeamCal PRELIMINARY! 20 mrad crossing angle total energy first radial moment thrust value angular spread L/R, U/D F/B asymmetries Also simultaneous determination of several beam parameter is feasible, but: Correlations! Analysis in preparation Observables

12. nominal setting (550 nm x 5 nm)  >100m IP L/R, U/D F/B asymmetries of energy in the angular tails Quantity Nominal Value Precision xx 553 nm4.2 nm zz 300  m7.5  m yy 00.2 nm Heavy gas ionisation Calorimeter and with PhotoCal Photons from Beamstrahlung

13. Heavy crystals W-Diamond sandwich sensor Space for electronics Technologies for the BeamCal: Radiation Hard Fast Compact

14. Detection of High Energy Electrons and Photons √s = 500 GeV Single Electrons of 50, 100 and 250 GeV, detection efficiency as a function of R ( ‘ high background region ’ ) (talk by V. Drugakov and P. Bambade) Detection efficiency as a function of the pad-size (Talk by A. Elagin) Message: Electrons can be detected! Red – high BG blue – low BG

15. Includes seismic motions, Delay of Beam Feedback System, Lumi Optimisation etc. (G. White) Efficiency to identify energetic electrons and photons (E > 200 GeV) Fake rate √s = 500 GeV Realistic beam simulation Detection of High Energy Electrons and Photons

16. Sensor prototyping, Crystals Light Yield from direct coupling Similar results for lead glass Crystals (Cerenkov light !) and using a fibre ~ 15 % Compared with GEANT4 Simulation, good agreement

17. Sensor prototyping, Diamonds  ADC Diamond (+ PA) Scint.+PMT& signal gate May,August/2004 test beams CERN PS Hadron beam – 3,5 GeV 2 operation modes: Slow extraction ~10 5- 10 6 / s fast extraction ~10 5 -10 7 / ~10ns (Wide range intensities) Diamond samples (CVD): - Freiburg - GPI (Moscow) - Element6 Pm1&2 Pads

18. Linearity Studies with High Intensities (PS fast beam extraction) 10 5 particles/10 ns Response to mip Diamond Sensor Performance

19. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, AGH Univ., INP & Jagiell. Univ. Cracow, JINR, Dubna, NCPHEP, Minsk, FZU, Prague, IHEP, Protvino, TAU, Tel Aviv, DESY, Zeuthen Workshop on the Instrumentation of the Very Forward Region of the ILC Detector Tel Aviv, Sept. 15.-20. 2005. http//alzt.tau.ac.il/~fcal/

20. Summary Many (and promising) results in simulations/design studies Concept for a Luminometer for small crossing angle is advanced, 20 mrad needs a different design Studies with sensors started- needs more effort High energy electron detection down to small polar angles is feasible with compact and fine segmented calorimeters; easier for small crossing angle Prototype tests mandatory Remarks The instrumentation of the forward region is relatively independent of the detector concept, Mechanics design work ongoing calorimeters in the very forward region deliver very valuable information about beam parameters

21. Backup Slides

22. Shower in LAT (TDR design) Shower LEAKAGE in old (TDR) and new LumiCal design Shower in LumiCal (new design)

23. Diamond performance as function of the absorbed dose Linearity of a heavy gas calorimeter (IHEP testbeam)

24. Comparison Sampling Heavy Crystal Comparison Sampling Heavy Crystal Comparison 500 GeV - 1TeV

26. Depositions on the calorimter frontface

27. Headon20mrad BeamParMPI resolution MPI resolution σxσxσx’σyσyσy’σzσzσz’off x off y wywy N σx (ave) 26.78920.4711 σx (diff) 11.20116.6150.7201 σy (ave) 0.8932.196-0.182-0.2711 σy (diff) 1.6481.839-0.520-0.3690.7001 σz (ave) 13.01817.7810.2900.1010.8520.4411 σz (diff) 18.78014.747-0.032-0.5270.080-0.143-0.1011 Beam offset x 5.9186.6520.004-0.4880.127-0.125-0.0360.8871 Beam offset y 0.5366.7670.4140.237-0.803-0.927-0.5770.1680.1441 Vertical waist shift 327.312159.172-0.4960.4340.9010.7130.6230.017-0.016-0.748 1 N per Bunch (ave) 0.1090.0800.5810.3160.6190.0160.8690.0390.056-0.1610.3951 N per Bunch (diff) 0.0430.0540.4810.631-0.048-0.1190.0660.1490.0180.030-0.2090.275