1. Sharks in the North Pacific: Spiny Dogfish By Liam Antrim Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

2. Classification and Mnemonics KingdomKing KingdomKing PhylumPhillip PhylumPhillip Class Came Class Came OrderOver OrderOver FamilyFor FamilyFor Genus Good Genus Good SpeciesSoup SpeciesSoup Animalia Chordata Chondrichthyes

3. Common Characteristics of Sharks No air bladder No air bladder Body plans Body plans Sagittiform Sagittiform Fusiform Fusiform Anguilliform Anguilliform Cartilaginous Cartilaginous Tough Skin Tough Skin

5. Common Characteristics of Sharks Highly developed sense of smell: Some sharks can detect substances with a concentration of 1 part per million in water (very low concentration) Highly developed sense of smell: Some sharks can detect substances with a concentration of 1 part per million in water (very low concentration) Sensitive to elcectromagnetic charges: can pick up charges of one-millionth of a volt- helps detect bioelectric pulses of some animals. Sensitive to elcectromagnetic charges: can pick up charges of one-millionth of a volt- helps detect bioelectric pulses of some animals. Swim at high speeds: shortfin mako- 35mph and bursts at 60mph Swim at high speeds: shortfin mako- 35mph and bursts at 60mph Strong jaw muscles: 44,000lbs per sq. in. humans- 150lbs per sq. in Strong jaw muscles: 44,000lbs per sq. in. humans- 150lbs per sq. in

6. Common Life Histories of East Pacific Sharks High in food chain- Apex Fish Predator High in food chain- Apex Fish Predator Long lived and lower abundance Long lived and lower abundance Delayed first reproduction Delayed first reproduction Live births and small litters Live births and small litters Born predators Born predators Like marine mammals- harder to study Like marine mammals- harder to study

7. Spiny Dogfish

8. Classification: Spiny Dogfish KingdomKing KingdomKing PhylumPhillip PhylumPhillip Class Came Class Came OrderOver OrderOver FamilyFor FamilyFor Genus Good Genus Good SpeciesSoup SpeciesSoup Animalia Chordata Chondrichthyes Squaliformes Squalidae Squala S. acanthius

9. Spiny Dogfish: Global Distribution http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Spinydogfish/SpinyDogfish.html

10. Spiny Dogfish Size: 1.5m Size: 1.5m Live up to 85-107 years Live up to 85-107 years Spines on dorsal fin Spines on dorsal fin Schools: segregated by sex and age Schools: segregated by sex and age Historically harvested for: Historically harvested for: Oils in liver-vitimin A Oils in liver-vitimin A Food Food Conservation Status: vulnerable Conservation Status: vulnerable

11. Spiny Dogfish: Feeding Omnivores Epibenthic Squid Crab Octopus Shrimp Sea Cucumbers Schooling fish Herring Mackerel Menhaden Capelin Upper Jaw Protrusion (goes forward).

12. Spiny Dogfish: Predators Spiny Dogfish Spiny Dogfish Sixgill Shark Sixgill Shark Cod Cod Seals Seals Killer Whales Killer Whales Red Hake Red Hake

13. Spiny Dogfish: Reproduction Mature: 35 yrs Mature: 35 yrs Gestation: 22 months Gestation: 22 months Litter size: 6-12 pups Litter size: 6-12 pups Ovoviviparous Ovoviviparous http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Spinydogfish/SpinyDogfish.html

14. Work Cited Anderson, S. A. and K. J. Goldman. 2001. Temperature Measurements of Salmon Sharks, Lamna ditorpis, in Alaskan Waters. Copeia 3:794-796 Anderson, S. A. and K. J. Goldman. 2001. Temperature Measurements of Salmon Sharks, Lamna ditorpis, in Alaskan Waters. Copeia 3:794-796 Bernal, D., J Donley, R. E. Shadwick, and D. A. Syme. 2005. Mammal-like muscles power swimming in a cold-water shark. Nature 437:1349-1352 Bernal, D., J Donley, R. E. Shadwick, and D. A. Syme. 2005. Mammal-like muscles power swimming in a cold-water shark. Nature 437:1349-1352 Block, B. A. and F. G. Carey. 1985. Warm brain and eye temperatures in sharks. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 156:229-236 Block, B. A. and F. G. Carey. 1985. Warm brain and eye temperatures in sharks. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 156:229-236 Christiansen J., J. Hollander and S. Larson. 2005 Sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus) conservation ecology project update;. Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference. Christiansen J., J. Hollander and S. Larson. 2005 Sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus) conservation ecology project update;. Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference. Fudge, D. S. and E. D. Stevens. 1996. The visceral retia mirabilia of tuna and sharks: an annotated translation and discussion of the Eschricht and Muller 1835 paper and related papers. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews 4:1-92 Fudge, D. S. and E. D. Stevens. 1996. The visceral retia mirabilia of tuna and sharks: an annotated translation and discussion of the Eschricht and Muller 1835 paper and related papers. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews 4:1-92 Gallucci V., G. Kruse, J. Rice, and C. Tribuzio. 2005. Semmi Annual Progress Report July. Gallucci V., G. Kruse, J. Rice, and C. Tribuzio. 2005. Semmi Annual Progress Report July. Jones T. S. and K. I. Ugland. 201. Reproduction of female spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the Oslofjord. Fisheries Bulletin 99:685-690 Jones T. S. and K. I. Ugland. 201. Reproduction of female spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the Oslofjord. Fisheries Bulletin 99:685-690 King J. R., G. A. McFarlane, and M. W. Sanders. 2002. Preliminary study on the use of neural arches in the age determination of bluntnose sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus). Fisheries Bulletin 100:4. 861-864 King J. R., G. A. McFarlane, and M. W. Sanders. 2002. Preliminary study on the use of neural arches in the age determination of bluntnose sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus). Fisheries Bulletin 100:4. 861-864 Motta, P. and C. Wilga. 1998 Conservation and variation in the feeding mechanism of the Spiny Dogfish Squalus Acanthias. The Journal of Experimental Biology 201:1345-1358 Motta, P. and C. Wilga. 1998 Conservation and variation in the feeding mechanism of the Spiny Dogfish Squalus Acanthias. The Journal of Experimental Biology 201:1345-1358 Nagasawa, K. 1998. Predation by Salmon Sharks (Lamna ditropis) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus ssp.) in the North Pacific Ocean. N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bulletin 1:419-433 Nagasawa, K. 1998. Predation by Salmon Sharks (Lamna ditropis) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus ssp.) in the North Pacific Ocean. N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bulletin 1:419-433 Sharks; Hexanchidae: p374 Sharks; Hexanchidae: p374

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