1. Ecological Features Sharks originated 423 mya They comprise half of all Chondricthyes Over time, selection favored larger bodies and they fit the niche for the top marine predator Found everywhere in the ocean but mostly on continental shelves Range from filter feeders to suction feeding to carnivorous Feed on a variety of prey (including humans!) Can eat things that are larger than their mouth

2. Life history = determines level of mortality sharks can sustain – Adapted very slowly Low growth rate Late sexual maturity Vulnerable to life history, habitat loss, and catchability Ability to recover from depletion is low Respond strongly to changes in fishing

4. Elasmobranch: Subclass of cartilaginous fish Mesopredator: Predator not on top of the food chain Generally, when large sharks species decline, mesopredators increase o Unclear if true in pelagic ecosystems as well Mesopredator populations may decline quickly due to serial depletion Cody, Nolan, Kyle, Morgan Effects on Mesopredators

5. Dogfish Source: Elasmodivers.com

6. Effects on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Sharks increase in abundance in the warmer months – Most marine mammals move away from these areas to avoid predations; however, sea turtles do not like to move and therefore are more subject to predation There are increases in marine mammal populations in response to decreases in predatory shark population – Ex. sharks tend to prey on seal pups A study removed 10 Galapagos sharks from a Monk seal pupping beach area: this reduced the pup mortality from 28 mortalities to 3 mortalities annually Trophic cascade effects: Decrease in shark population  increase in prey population  primary producers Sharks play an important role in sea population dynamics ex. 50% of harbor seal population decline due to sharks Temperature of water controls which predatory shark species is present and dominant

8. Group 6: (possible trophic cascades) Eric Crees, Madisen Egan, Sophia Mickman As the percentage of larger sharks caught in nets are decreasing, on average, the percentage of smaller sharks and rays caught in nets is increasing. The netting is directly affecting the large and small sharks, while the rays and bony fish are mostly being indirectly affected. During the first time period, the number of small sharks caught in nets increases due to increased populations. Once angeling is introduced during the second time period, the numbers caught in nets decreased due to lowered populations. There is an inverse relationship between the predatory small sharks and their prey, the bony fish, that can clearly be seen in these graphs.

9. Coastal Ecosystems – Ecosystem in coastal zone, where interaction of sea and land processes occur – Shark nesting programs – No human activity of fishing Demersal Ecosystems – Continental shelves and slopes – Vulnerable to trawl fishing Pelagic Ecosystems – The “open ocean” – Industrial fisheries to catch tuna and swordfish

10. Coastal EcosystemDemersal Ecosystem Pelagic Ecosystem