1. Why Information Ethics? Rafael Capurro International Center for Information Ethics (ICIE) Riga Global Meeting of Experts on the Ethical Aspects of Information Society UNESCO - IFAP October 16-17, 2013

2. Capurro, Riga 20132 Introduction Since the second half of the last century computer scientists, such as Norbert Wiener and Joseph Weizenbaum, called public’s attention to the ethical challenges immanent in computer technology that can be compared in their societal relevance to the ambivalent promises of nuclear energy. Since the second half of the last century computer scientists, such as Norbert Wiener and Joseph Weizenbaum, called public’s attention to the ethical challenges immanent in computer technology that can be compared in their societal relevance to the ambivalent promises of nuclear energy.

3. Capurro, Riga 20133 Introduction In the beginning the discussion was focused on the moral responsibility of computer professionals. In the beginning the discussion was focused on the moral responsibility of computer professionals. But for scientists like Wiener and Weizenbaum the impact of computer technology was understood to be something that concerned society as a whole. But for scientists like Wiener and Weizenbaum the impact of computer technology was understood to be something that concerned society as a whole.

4. Capurro, Riga 20134 Introduction Half a century after Wiener’s seminal work the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) developed the vision Half a century after Wiener’s seminal work the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) developed the vision

5. Capurro, Riga 20135 Introduction “[…] to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential “[…] to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential

6. Capurro, Riga 20136 Introduction in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life, premised on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and respecting fully and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” (WSIS 2003) in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life, premised on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and respecting fully and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” (WSIS 2003)

7. Capurro, Riga 20137 Introduction The WSIS also proposed a political agenda, namely The WSIS also proposed a political agenda, namely

8. Capurro, Riga 20138 Introduction “[…] to harness the potential of information and communication technology to promote the development goals of the Millennium Declaration, namely the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; achievement of universal primary education; promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women; reduction of child mortality; “[…] to harness the potential of information and communication technology to promote the development goals of the Millennium Declaration, namely the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; achievement of universal primary education; promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women; reduction of child mortality;

9. Capurro, Riga 20139 Introduction improvement of maternal health; to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensuring environmental sustainability; and development of global partnerships for development for the attainment of a more peaceful, just and prosperous world.” (WSIS 2003) improvement of maternal health; to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensuring environmental sustainability; and development of global partnerships for development for the attainment of a more peaceful, just and prosperous world.” (WSIS 2003)

10. Capurro, Riga 201310 Introduction UNESCO commitment to IE: Organizing and sponsoring international meetings and fora particularly within the framework of IFAP, such as: First WSIS+10 Review Meeting: Towards Knowledge Societies, February 25-27, 2013, Paris. First WSIS+10 Review Meeting: Towards Knowledge Societies, February 25-27, 2013, Paris. Sustainable support of the ANIE (African Network for Information Ethics) conferences since 2007. Sustainable support of the ANIE (African Network for Information Ethics) conferences since 2007. International Conference: Media and Information Literacy for Knowledge Societies 24-28 June 2012, Moscow. International Conference: Media and Information Literacy for Knowledge Societies 24-28 June 2012, Moscow. International Conference: Internet and Socio-Cultural Transformations in Information Society, September 8-9, 2013, Yuszno-Sakhalinsk, Russian Federation. International Conference: Internet and Socio-Cultural Transformations in Information Society, September 8-9, 2013, Yuszno-Sakhalinsk, Russian Federation. –Comprehensive projects and activities on issues dealing with, for instance, media and gender, journalism, and open access. See: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and- information/ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and- information/ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and- information/

11. Capurro, Riga 201311 What is Information Ethics? I define digital ethics or information ethics in a narrower sense as dealing with the impact of digital ICT on society and the environment at large as well as with ethical questions dealing with the Internet, digital information and communication media (digital media ethics) in particular. I define digital ethics or information ethics in a narrower sense as dealing with the impact of digital ICT on society and the environment at large as well as with ethical questions dealing with the Internet, digital information and communication media (digital media ethics) in particular.

12. Capurro, Riga 201312 What is Information Ethics? Information ethics in a broader sense deals with information and communication including but not limited to the digital media. Information ethics in a broader sense deals with information and communication including but not limited to the digital media.

13. Capurro, Riga 201313 Why Information Ethics? Research in Information Ethics should contribute to address and find sustainable solutions to the technological challenges of the digital age. Research in Information Ethics should contribute to address and find sustainable solutions to the technological challenges of the digital age.

14. Capurro, Riga 201314 Why Information Ethics? Economic, political and ecological activities of modern societies rely heavily on digital communication networks. Economic, political and ecological activities of modern societies rely heavily on digital communication networks.

15. Capurro, Riga 201315 Why Information Ethics? Academic research in digital ethics should become a core mandatory issue of economics and business studies. Similarly to the already well established bioethics committees, ethical issues of ICT should be addressed taking as a model for instance the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies to the European Commission Academic research in digital ethics should become a core mandatory issue of economics and business studies. Similarly to the already well established bioethics committees, ethical issues of ICT should be addressed taking as a model for instance the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies to the European Commission

16. Capurro, Riga 201316 Why Information Ethics? ICT has a deep impact on politics leading to a transformation of 20th century broadcast mass media based democracy, or mediocracy, on the basis of new kinds of digital-mediated interactive participation. ICT has a deep impact on politics leading to a transformation of 20th century broadcast mass media based democracy, or mediocracy, on the basis of new kinds of digital-mediated interactive participation.

17. Capurro, Riga 201317 Why Information Ethics? New interactive media weaken the hierarchical one-to-many structure of traditional global mass-media, giving individuals, groups, and whole societies the capacity to become senders and not “just” receivers of messages. New interactive media weaken the hierarchical one-to-many structure of traditional global mass-media, giving individuals, groups, and whole societies the capacity to become senders and not “just” receivers of messages.

18. Capurro, Riga 201318 Why Information Ethics? ICTs are widely used for political participation and grass-roots protest groups as well as by liberation and peace movements. ICTs are widely used for political participation and grass-roots protest groups as well as by liberation and peace movements.

19. Capurro, Riga 201319 Why Information Ethics? By the same token, digital communication networks make possible new structures of political surveillance, censorship and control on individuals and whole societies. Digital ethics should address the question of the human right to communicate. By the same token, digital communication networks make possible new structures of political surveillance, censorship and control on individuals and whole societies. Digital ethics should address the question of the human right to communicate.

20. Capurro, Riga 201320 Why Information Ethics? The Internet has become a local and global basic social communication infrastructure. Freedom of access should be considered a fundamental ethical principle similar to freedom of speech and freedom of the press. The Internet has become a local and global basic social communication infrastructure. Freedom of access should be considered a fundamental ethical principle similar to freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

21. Capurro, Riga 201321 Why Information Ethics? Some of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights such as the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 18), the right to freedom of opinion and expression (Art. 19), and the right to peaceful assembly and association (Art. 20) need to be explicitly interpreted and defined taking the new and unique affordances of internetworked digital media into consideration. Some of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights such as the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 18), the right to freedom of opinion and expression (Art. 19), and the right to peaceful assembly and association (Art. 20) need to be explicitly interpreted and defined taking the new and unique affordances of internetworked digital media into consideration.

22. Capurro, Riga 201322 Why Information Ethics? A free Internet can foster peace and democracy but it can also be used for manipulation and control. For this reason I assess a necessity to strive for a future internet governance regime on the basis of intercultural deliberation, democratic values and human rights. A free Internet can foster peace and democracy but it can also be used for manipulation and control. For this reason I assess a necessity to strive for a future internet governance regime on the basis of intercultural deliberation, democratic values and human rights.

23. Capurro, Riga 201323 Why Information Ethics? The disposal and recycling of all kinds of ICT devices that already today have devastating consequences on humans and the environment particularly when exported to Third World countries. The disposal and recycling of all kinds of ICT devices that already today have devastating consequences on humans and the environment particularly when exported to Third World countries.

24. Capurro, Riga 201324 Why Information Ethics? Issues of sustainability and global justice should be urgently addressed together with the opportunities offered by the same media to promote better shelter, less hunger and combat diseases. Issues of sustainability and global justice should be urgently addressed together with the opportunities offered by the same media to promote better shelter, less hunger and combat diseases.

25. Capurro, Riga 201325 Why Information Ethics? I advocate for the expansion of the human rights discourse to include the rights of non-human life and nature. The present ecological crisis is a clear sign that we have to change our lives in order to become not masters but stewards of natural environment. I advocate for the expansion of the human rights discourse to include the rights of non-human life and nature. The present ecological crisis is a clear sign that we have to change our lives in order to become not masters but stewards of natural environment.

26. Capurro, Riga 201326 Why Information Ethics? Some main challenges of information ethics dealt with issues of intellectual property, privacy, security, surveillance, information overload, digital divide, gender discrimination, and censorship. Some main challenges of information ethics dealt with issues of intellectual property, privacy, security, surveillance, information overload, digital divide, gender discrimination, and censorship.

27. Capurro, Riga 201327 Why Information Ethics? They are objects of ethical scrutiny not only on the basis of universal rights and principles but also with regard to cultural differences as well as to historical and geographical singularities leading to different kinds of theoretical foundations and practical options. This field of ethics research being called intercultural information ethics They are objects of ethical scrutiny not only on the basis of universal rights and principles but also with regard to cultural differences as well as to historical and geographical singularities leading to different kinds of theoretical foundations and practical options. This field of ethics research being called intercultural information ethics

28. Capurro, Riga 201328 Why Information Ethics? One important challenge in this regard is the question about how human cultures can flourish in a global digital environment while avoiding uniformity or isolation. One important challenge in this regard is the question about how human cultures can flourish in a global digital environment while avoiding uniformity or isolation.

29. Capurro, Riga 201329 Why Information Ethics? Digital surveillance of public spaces is supposed to ensure safety and security facing unintentional or intentional dangers for instance from criminal or terrorist attacks. Digital surveillance of public spaces is supposed to ensure safety and security facing unintentional or intentional dangers for instance from criminal or terrorist attacks.

30. Capurro, Riga 201330 Why Information Ethics? But at the same time it threatens autonomy, anonymity and trust that build the basis of democratic societies. But at the same time it threatens autonomy, anonymity and trust that build the basis of democratic societies.

31. Capurro, Riga 201331 Conclusion Individuals as well as societies must become aware of different kinds of assemblages between traditional and digital media according to their needs, interests and cultural backgrounds. Individuals as well as societies must become aware of different kinds of assemblages between traditional and digital media according to their needs, interests and cultural backgrounds.

32. Capurro, Riga 201332 Conclusion The vision of an inclusive information society as developed during the WSIS must be global and plural at the same time. The vision of an inclusive information society as developed during the WSIS must be global and plural at the same time.

33. Capurro, Riga 201333 Conclusion Who are we in the digital age? As human cultures become digitally hybridized this process affects social life in all its dimensions as well as our interplay with nature. The key task of digital ethics is to make us aware of the challenges and options for individual and social life design. Who are we in the digital age? As human cultures become digitally hybridized this process affects social life in all its dimensions as well as our interplay with nature. The key task of digital ethics is to make us aware of the challenges and options for individual and social life design.

34. Capurro, Riga 201334 Conclusion The digital medium is an opportunity for the subjects of the 21st century to transform themselves and their relations in and with the world. The digital medium is an opportunity for the subjects of the 21st century to transform themselves and their relations in and with the world.

35. Capurro, Riga 201335 Conclusion This implies allowing each other to articulate ourselves in the digital network, while taking care of historical, cultural and geographical singularities. This implies allowing each other to articulate ourselves in the digital network, while taking care of historical, cultural and geographical singularities.

36. Capurro, Riga 201336 Note This presentation is based on my keynote at the 2009 Global Forum on Civilization and Peace, Korea. See: R. Capurro: Digital Ethics. This presentation is based on my keynote at the 2009 Global Forum on Civilization and Peace, Korea. See: R. Capurro: Digital Ethics. http://www.capurro.de/korea.html