1. MATH 1A CHAPTER TWELVE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
DATA, STATISTICS, AND PROBABILITY

2. LEARNING TARGETS AFTER YOU FINISH THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:
CONSTRUCT GRAPHS AND INTERPRET INFORMATION ILLUSTRATED BY THEM.
RECORD AND UNDERSTAND MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY.
RECORD AND UNDERSTAND DATA IN A FREQUENCY TABLE.
CONSTRUCT BOX AND WHISKER PLOTS/SCATTER-PLOTS/ AND STEM AND LEAF PLOTS.
SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING PROBABILITY.

3. BAR GRAPHS SATISTICS: NUMERICAL FACTS ABOUT PEOPLE, PLACES, OR THINGS.
DATA: INFORMATION GIVEN IN NUMBERS.
BAR GRAPH: A WAY OF COMPARING INFORMATION USING RECTANGULAR BARS.
INTERVAL: A SET OF ALL NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO STATED NUMBERS.
BAR GRAPH: USUALLY SHOWN WITH AN X AND Y AXIS. IT WILL HAVE A TITLE AND DATA.

4. EXAMPLE OF A BAR GRAPH

5. CIRCLE GRAPHS
CIRCLE GRAPH: USED WHEN YOUR DATA IS RECORDED IN PERCENTAGES. THIS IS A WAY OF PRESENTING DATA IN A CIRCLE FORMAT:

6. FREQUENY TABLE AND HISTOGRAM
FREQUENCY: THE NUMBER OF TIMES AN EVENT, VALUE, OR CHARACTERISTIC OCCURS.
FREQUENCY TABLE: A CHART SHOWING THE NUMBER OF TIMES SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED.
TALLY: A MARK OF EACH COUNT.
HISTOGRAM: A BAR GRAPH WHERE THE BARS TOUCH, MADE AFTER YOU HAVE MADE A FREQUENCY TABLE.

7. EXAMPLE OF FREQUENCY TABLE AND HISTOGRAM

8. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
CENTRAL TENDANCY: THE MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE OF A SET OF DATA.
MEAN: THE AVERAGE
MEDIAN: THE NUMBER IN THE MIDDLE
MODE: MOST OFTEN LISTED NUMBER
OUTLIER: A NUMBER THAT SKEWS THE DATA BY BEING TOO LARGE OR SMALL.
RANGE: THE DIFFERENCE IN THE LARGEST AND SMALLEST PIECE OF DATA.

9. THE BELL SHAPED CURVE
DATA TRENDS AROUND A BELL SHAPED CURVE.

10. BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOTS
BOX-AND-WHISKER-PLOT: A WAY TO SHOW THE SPREAD OF DATA IN A SET OF NUMBERS.
LOWER EXTREME: LOWEST VALUE
UPPER EXPTREME: HIGHEST VALUE
LOWER QUARTILE: MEDIAN OF SCORES BELOW THE MEDIAN.
UPPER QUARTILE: MEDIAN OF VALUE ABOVE THE MEDIAN.

11. BOX-AND-WHISKER-PLOTS
QUICKLY SHOW THE MEDIAN AND QUARTILES, OF THE DATA.

12. SCATTER PLOT
SCATTER PLOTS SHOW EACH PIECE OF DATA WITH A DOT. IT IS A GRAPH THAT WILL SHOW HOW TWO EVENTS CORRELATE (HAVE AN IMPACT ON EACH OTHER).
THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF CORRELATION:
POSITVE, NEGATIVE, AND NO CORRELATION.

13. EXAMPLE OF A SCATTER PLOT WITH POSITIVE CORRELATION

14. EXAMPLE OF A SCATTER PLOT WITH NEGATIVE CORRELATION

15. EXAMPLE OF A SCATTER PLOT WITH NO CORRELATION

16. STEM AND LEAF PLOT
A WAY OF DISPLAYING EVERY PIECE OF DATA IN A WAY THAT RELIES ON SECTIONS OF TEN.

17. PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY: THE CHANCE OR LIKELIHOOD OF AN EVENT OCCURRING.
OUTCOME: THE RESULT OF A PROBABILITY EXPERIMENT.
THE PROBABILITY FRACTION DIVIDES THE NUMBER OF FAVORABLE OUTCOMES BY THE NUMBER OF ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES.
USUALLY, PROBABILITY IS DEMONSTRATED WITH: SPINNERS, NUMBER CUBES, COLORED MARBLES IN A BAG.

18. EXAMPLES

19. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
This means that if one event can be counted in (a) ways and another event can be counted in (b) ways, then the first task followed by the second can be counted in (ab) ways.
For example: if I have four sweaters, 6 blouses, and 7 pairs of shoes, the total amount of outfits I can combine is: 4 times 6 times 7 or: 168 outfits

20. Example

21. FACTORAL NOTATION!
I CAN ALSO COUNT ALL THE POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS USING FACTORAL NOTATION.
IT IS A NUMBER FOLLOWED BY AN EXCLAMATION POINT.
EXAMPLE: MY NAME IS CAROLE – IT HAS SIX LETTERS – HOW MANY DIFFERENT WAYS CAN I ARRANGE THOSE SIX LETTERS: 6! OR 720 WAYS.

22. DATA!
WE USE IT EVERY DAY.