3. Between 60,000-15,000 YA Homo sapiens spread throughout the world
Bering Land Bridge open to foot travel
between 60,000 – 15,000 years ago
Human populations moved from Beringia
to the Americas ~ 13,000 years ago

4. Paleolithic Era (~2.6 MYA)
Clovis projectile points 11,000 years old
Paleolithic
Era (~2.6 MYA)
Folsom projectile points
10,000 years old
Some evidence of settled life:
Natufians, eastern Mediterranean
Jomon, central Japan
Chinook, NW North America

5. The Neolithic Revolution: 12,000-6000 years ago
Revolution vs Transition??
Cultivation and Domestication??
# BCE
# BCE
# BCE
Why did agriculture develop in some
areas and not in others??
Agriculture developed independently in various areas of the world
Independent Invention vs Cultural Diffusion??

6. Agriculture and Population Growth
Before Neolithic Revolution,
global population = 4 million

7. Catal Huyuk, Anatolia 7250-5400 BCE
What are the
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Settled Life?
Jericho, Israel 8000 BCE
Catal Huyuk, Anatolia BCE
Benefits of these technologies?
Pottery 10,000 BCE Jomon, Japan
Metallurgy 6000 BCE copper Middle East
Textiles 6000 BCE

8. Paleolithic VS. Neolithic?
Advantages of Settled Life
Disadvantages of Settled Life

9. Paleolithic VS. Neolithic?
Advantages of Settled Life
Disadvantages of Settled Life
Predictable food supply
Ability to generate a food surplus
Could sustain larger populations
Less vulnerable to environment
More stable and secure societies
Less infanticide/ senilicide
More free time for non-food related
activities
Allowed for craft specialization
Allowed for the development of
“culture”
Class distinctions based on wealth
Need to secure order
Need to develop means to protect
towns, villages and people
Clustered communities led to greater risk of epidemic diseases
Less egalitarian
Gender roles develop (patrilineal)
Greater risk to the environment
Loss of mobile lifestyle leads to re-
ordering of cultural values

10. Qualities that all Complex Societies share:
Civilization??
What issues are problematic with the
use of the word “civilization?
Are there qualities that all complex societies share and if so, what are they?
Qualities that all Complex Societies share:
Surplus of resources
Trade
Cities
Craft and economic specialization
Social stratification
Some kind of organized system of government
A codified system of law
Religion or some kind of complex belief system
Written language
Arts, architecture and other cultural tradition
First Cities appear in the
Tigris and Euphrates River
Valley ~ 4000 BCE

11. Chapter 2: Early Societies in SW Asia and the Indo-European Migrations
Early Mesopotamia
BCE

12. Theme 1: Human-Environment Interaction
GEOGRAPHY
Theme 1: Human-Environment Interaction
Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
Arid Climate – Few Natural Resources
Sumer : Elaborate Irrigation Systems
Populations competed for limited resources
Russian Steppes
Pastoral Nomads – Indo-Europeans
Domesticated Horses
Migrated over extensive areas (central Asia by 2000 BCE then: Greece, Italy, central and western Europe, Britain later went into Iran and India (South Asia)
Phoenicians: along the Eastern Mediterranean
Shipbuilding technologies
Led to extensive utilization of the sea:
trade and economic stability

13. Indo-European Migrations 3000-1000 BCE

14. RELIGION/BELIEF SYSEM
ACHIEVEMENTS
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Cultures
POLYTEISM (Ziggaruts): Early Mesopotamia
MONOTHEISM: Hebrews, Israelites and Jews: pastoral nomads, borrowed heavily from Mesopotamian traditions (more so than Egypt)
Hebrews = monotheism (after 900 BCE, Moses embraces single god Yahweh: Hebrew written script = Torah (later influence?)
Israelities eventually settled in Judea = known as Jews
Sumer: 3500 BCE: Wheel
4500 BCE: Cuneiform
Literature (Epic of Gilgamesh) (2150 BCE)
Phoenicians: Shipbuilding technologies
Bronze technology (copper and tine) 4000 BCE
Iron metallurgy (1000 BCE)
Astronomy, Calendars, Mathematics
Phonetic Alphabet

15. Remains of the Ziggarut of Ur
Epic of Gilgamesh
12 tablets
Remains of the Ziggarut of Ur

16. Israel and Phoenicia 1500-600 BCE

17. Jewish Community Phoenicians
Unified under a monarchy
Monotheistic
Settled agriculturalists
Built an elaborate cosmopolitan city
(Jerusalem)
No ziggaruts (associated with the
false Mesopotamian gods)
No unifying monarchy
(instead have city-states that were
independent and ruled by local kings)
No agriculture
Polytheistic
Ziggaruts
Excellent sailors, shipbuilders
Established extensive trade networks
throughout Mediterranean
Literary tradition important (Old Testament/ Phoenician alphabet)
Adopted Mesopotamian traditions, laws and customs
Subjugated and overpowered by neighboring peoples
Great influence over their neighboring geographic areas
Distinct social classes
Specialized labor
Specialized economies
Constructed societies there were more complex than earlier societies

18. POLITICAL SYSTEMS and STRUCTURES
Theme 3: State Building, Expansion and Conflict
What are the motivations for state building and expansion?
City-states/ ruled by absolute monarchs
Hittites: BCE: Rise and Fall?
Centralized Authority tied to the gods
Sargon of Akkad ( BCE): all of Mesopotamia, into the Black Sea (taxes)
Assyrian Empire ( BCE): MERIT, Rise and Fall??
Babylonian Empire: King Hammurabi ( BCE)
Code of Hammurabi (Lex talionis)
Expansion and Conflict:
Early conflict led to building of defensive walls,
strong military
Assyrians = powerful army, chariots,
iron weapons, archers
Hebrews/Israelites: conquered by Egyptians, Assyrians,
and Babylonians

19. Code of Hammurabi (1750 BCE)
282 laws
From the time that the woman entered into the man’s house they together shall be liable for all debts subsequently incurred.
If a man’s wife, for the sake of another, has caused her husband to be killed, that woman shall be impaled.
If a man has committed incest with his daughter, that
man shall be banished from the city.
If a man, after his father’s death, has lain in the bosom of his mother, they shall both of them be burnt together.
If a son strike his father, his hands shall be (cut) off.
If a (noble) man put out the eye of another (noble) man,
his eye shall be put out.
If he break another (noble) man’s bone, his bone shall be broken.
If he put out the eye of a (commoner), or break the bone of a (commoner), he shall pay one (silver) mina.

20. Mesopotamian Empires 1800-600 BCE

21. Small scale agriculture (elaborate irrigation canals)
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Theme 4: Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
Small scale agriculture (elaborate irrigation canals)
(wheat, barley, rye, beer, wine, grapes, onions)
Food surplus = population increase
Invention of the wheel facilitated trade
Improved shipbuilding facilitated trade
Trade throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Indus River Valley, Egypt and Afghanistan (by 2000 BCE)
State-level Economic success tied to political control of
the economy (taxes, regulation and
control of trade and trade routes)
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Theme 5: Development and transformation of social structures
With population increase, and wealth = social stratification
PATRIARCHAL
Kings (hereditary) and nobles, priests/priestess, free commoners (peasants), dependent clients (no property), slaves (how?)

22. The Royal Standard of Ur: 2700 BCE
What type of professions are being represented?
Who might have created this?
Does dress indicate different social status?
Does anything else?
Does painting demonstrate any other cultural values?
If so, what?