1. THE PASSIVE

2. Example The butler murdered the detective. The detective was murdered by the butler

3. Passivization A: The butler murdered the detective P: The detective was murdered by the butler The active subject becomes the passive agent The active object becomes the passive subject The preposition by is introduced before the agent

4. PASSIVE FORMATION BE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB

5. Passive tenses Present: The bill is passed Past: The bill was passed Perfective: The bill has been passed Progressive: The bill is being passed

6. Modal auxiliaries Modal + be + Past Participle The bill may be passed Modal + perfective The bill may have been passed

7. Exercise 1. The constable arrested the driver of the stolen car Passive: The driver of the stolen car was arrested by the constable 2. The judge asked the witness to write the name on a piece of paper. Passive: The witness was asked by the judge to write the name on a piece of paper.

8. Exercise 3. The company is going to issue a writ to prevent the trade union from going on strike. Passive: A writ is going to be issued by the company to prevent the trade union from going on strike. 4. He wrote his will in 1990. Passive: His will was written in 1990.

9. Exercise 5. My grandmother left $5.000 to me in her will. Passive: I was left $5.000 by my grandmother in her will. 6. The court granted the company a two- week stay of execution. Passive: The company was granted a two- week stay of exection by the court.

10. Exercise 7. They should call in detectives to help in the murder hunt. Passive: Detectives should be called in to help in the murder hunt. 8. They left the wounded man lying on the road. Passive: The wounded man was left lying on the road.

11. Exercise We consider crime as an offence against community, punishable by the state We may classify crimes in various ways. We may divide them into two main groups: i… offences and s…. offences. Before Criminal Law Act 1967 they divided indictable offences into three categories:

12. Exercise The Act abolished the distinction. A judge may sentence a person to imprisonment. Anybody may make an arrest without warrant The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty. (It…)

13. They presume the accused to be innocent until proved to be guilty (The accused…) They may exempt a person from criminal liability It might reduce the charge of murder to one of manslaughter. They may punish incitement, assisting offenders, concealing offences, or giving false information according to special rules of law.

14. The change provoked plenty of hostility. They would consider her now to be suffering from diminished responsibility. They have taught us to recognize the shades of grey, rather than to see things in black and white. A doctor has killed an incurably ill patient by an overdose of drugs They kept him alive on a respirator.

15. We must punish a man who has committed a murder. They should conduct research into criminal personality and the causes of crime. We hand only the sanest criminals. We should take measures to reduce the murder rate. They will admit that its only merit is that of vengeance.

16. We may define marriage as the voluntary union for life of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others. English law recognizes judicial divorce Law regards marriage as binding for life. The Family Reform Act has lowered the age of majority to eighteen.

17. If they perform the ceremony, it is not valid. They need not give consent in any particular form. If we comply with the rules relating to affinity and age, the marriage will not be void. Mental incapacity negates consent. The Mental Health Act swept away all classification of the mentally ill.

18. Contracting parties do not determine the rules governing marriage They would only grant the divorce to the “innocent” party Many regard marriage as an attempt at finding a life-partner

19. They have granted probate of the Will to Mr. A. R.Brown The Will entitles you to a legacy Pecuniary legatees will share the estate They will sell the remainder of the assets

20. Every state commits acts of selfishness Foreign offices treat questions of international law as legal questions They have violated no rule. They perceive the Court to have pursued a vigorous policy of integration We should avoid any simple theory or explanation of its role.

21. They may call the Court to adjudicate matters of constitutional significance Agreement may confer upon it other kinds of jurisdiction

22. We define a contract as “a legally binding agreement” The state does not punish torts One person ownes such a business Partners share profits and losses Only a government grant can create a corporation.

23. We can obtain a remedy in two ways