1. Photosynthesis – The light dependent reaction 1.The light dependent reaction takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts 2.The useful products of the light dependent reaction are reduced NADP and ATP 3.Light provides the energy to split water and transfer electrons 4.Light energy is captured by chlorophyll 5.Leaves are adapted to carry out the reaction because they have large surface areas, many chloroplasts and stacked grana 6.The light dependent reaction produces oxygen as a waste product. 7.The light dependent reaction takes place on membranes because they position the chlorophyll and electron transfer proteins

2. Photosynthesis - The light independent reaction These reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma. Together they form the Calvin cycle. First ribulose biphosphate reacts with carbon dioxide to form glycerate phosphate (GP). ATP and reduced NADP from the light dependent reaction convert GP to glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP). This enters pathways that produce a variety of organic molecules e.g. glucose. However, some regenerates ribulose biphosphate. Some plants follow a different pathway to increase the efficiency of carbon fixation.

3. Glycolysis and the link reaction 1.Glycolysis is the way that carbohydrates are fed into aerobic respiration. 2.It happens in the cytoplasm. 3.First ATP is used to activate the glucose. 4.It splits into two 3C sugars. 5.They are oxidised to produce 3C acids producing reduced NAD. 6.The end product is pyruvic acid and some ATP. 7.The pyruvate enters the mitochondrion. 8.The pyruvic acid is then converted to acetyl CoA. 9.Carbon dioxide is lost and more NAD is reduced.

4. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 1.The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix. 2.The acetyl CoA feeds a 2C compound into the cycle forming a 6C compound from a 4C intermediate. 3.Carbon dioxides are progressively lost regenerating the 4C compound. 4.Reduced NAD and FAD are produced with some ATP. 5.The reduced NAD and FAD pass their electrons to carrier proteins in the cristae. 6.The electrons pass along producing ATP. 7.Oxygen collects the electrons and it is reduced to water.