1. The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion

2. The End of The Hapsburg-Valois Wars
Treaty of Cateau –Cambresis 1559
Spain wins
Dominates Italy
Ends dynastic and continues religious wars
Larger modern armies with gunpowder

3. Difficulties in France 1515-1559
Francis I – Places all French under royal law
French National Language
The Habsburg-Valois Wars were expensive
The Nobility of the Robe – Raised money and made these families tax exempt
The Concordat of Bologna – Supremacy of the Papacy but could appoint bishops and abbots = $$$$
Protestants are growing in number

4. Religious Riots and Civil War in France
Catherine D’ Medici
Charles IX – Mama’s boy –
Henry III – Wild parties with his boy friends and then drama-queen –
Catherine wanted peace as long as her sons were ruling

5. Clashes between Catholics and Calvinists - Huguenots
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572
Henry of Navarre and Margaret Valois
Colingy a Huguenot had gained control of Charles IX
Henry Guise the night before the wedding attacked the and slaughtered the Huguenot gentry in Paris
Wide-spread violence erupted

7. The War of the Three Henry’s
Henry III a Catholic joined with Henry Navarre the Protestant
Guise and Catholic nobles founded the Holy League

8. The Politiques
After fifteen years of devastation many want to reconcile.
Catherine D’Medici dies, Henry of Guise and Henry III are assassinated
“The Greatest Frenchman Ever to Live”
Henry Navarre (IV) Drinker, lover and fighter
“Paris is worth a Mass” – real politique
The Edict of Nantes

9. The Netherlands Under Charles V

10. The Low Countries The Hub of international commerce – Antwerp
The Bourse - exchange

11. Protestant reform and the Low Countries
A mixed Federation
Charles V – responds with mild condemnation
Charles abdicates in 1556
Philip of Spain takes control of the Low Countries

12. Revolt of the Netherlands
Militant Calvinism
Philip II appoints sister to quell the disorder – Margaret
Her big problem was raising taxes
Calvinists revolt in 1566

13. civil war in Holland
The King sends 20,000 troops to the Low Countries
Duke of Parma appointed to crush revolt
William of Orange leads the home team

14. The Spanish Netherlands and the Union of Utrecht
Ten Southern provinces – Spanish Habsburgs – Landed nobility
Seven Northern – Protestant Union of Utrecht –Commercial aristocracy
The Union asked Elizabeth I for aid

15. The English Dilemma Help the Union and anger Philip II
Not Help and await the invasion from the Spanish
The death of William
The collapse of the wool trade
The fall of Antwerp

16. Philip and the Armada -1588
The Escorial –Symbol of Philips values

17. Philip the Man As a young man was a party animal
After the death of his fourth wife he becomes somber and pious
In terms of religious tolerance he was inflexible

18. The Armada Sails 9 May 1588 The death of Mary Queen of Scots
130 vessels sail to England
Drakes plan and poor sailing – 65 Spanish ships return home

19. The Thirty Years War
Starts as a religious war and ends as way to keep Habsburgs in check and Germany divided
Four phases
Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
French

20. Discovery, Reconnaissance and Exploration 1450 -1650
The geography was not understood
Migration and colonization
Economic exploitation and religious dominance
Gold, God, and Glory

21. Muslim Expansion Muslims expand toward western Europe
Medieval trade routes interrupted

22. Spain and Portugal Spain – Central government provides support
Portugal – Geographic advantage

23. Other centralized states followed
France
England

24. On to the East
India… Spices
Ethiopia – Prester John

25. Prince Henry the Navigator
The laboratory – Earth
Cartography
Down the coast of Africa
Diaz –1487
Da Gama – 1497 reaches India

26. The Europeans take over
Ships with powerful guns
Buddha came to China on white elephants, Christ was borne on cannon balls
Begin to control the Indian ocean and Asian trade.
Columbus sails 1492, financed by Spain.

27. Technology and attitudes stimulates exploration
Compass
Astrolabe
Caravel
Cannons
The psychology of the Renaissance
Gold, God and Glory

28. Columbus Devout Catholic Messenger of God Excellent sailor
Estimated the distance from Portugal to Japan was about 2800 miles ( 12000)
Little interest in government

29. Later Explorers
1493 – News of Columbus’s voyage travels throughout Europe
Natives are Christianized, killed and destroyed by disease
1519 Magellan

30. The Conquistadors
Cortez – Aztecs - Mexico
Pizarro – Incas - Peru

31. Economic Effects of Spain’s discovery in the New World
16th century – The Golden Age of Spain
Spanish economy could not the meet demand of rising population
Price increases hampered the international demand for Spanish goods
The Price Revolution – State debt not paid
Spanish inflation spread through Europe
Nobles and poor were hurt middle class did OK

32. Colonial Administration
Spain
Viceroyalties
Audiencia
Intendants – later
PotrugaL –
Corregidores
Mercantilist – Strict control of Brazilian production
Slave labor

33. Status of Women Arranged unions were discouraged
Double standards were discouraged regarding infidelity
Emotional and physical attraction were not sound reasons for enduring relationships
Standards of beauty
1566 pope expels prostitutes, but has to rescind the expulsion due to lost revenue

34. Women continued
single women in the 16th and 17th centuries worked in many occupations
Married women assisted their husbands
Upper- class… ex nuns were encouraged to marry
From one master to another?
Marriage the only occupation for upper class protestant women.

36. Malleus Maleficarum  

37. Why the witch craze Perhaps the Reformation
Explain what is not understood
A way of eliminating non-conformists or rivals
Christian repression of sexuality
Perhaps as many 60,000
Declines during the Enlightenment

38. Witches Everywhere? Smart and stupid alike- believed in witches
Individuals that could mysteriously harm others
Could cause blindness and impotence
Majority were crippled and pockmarked females
And… they talked back to men