1. Exploration & Colonization

2. In the late 1400’s European explorers began to sail and chart the oceans of the world.

3. Reasons for Travel
What are a few reasons that you would want to move from one location to another?
European technology allowed Europeans to explore oceans.
They wanted to find an all-water route to Asia.

4. Advances in technology: Prince Henry Sponsored exploration of the Atlantic coast. He developed a new, lighter ship better suited for distant oceanic exploration.

5. “Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”
Christopher Columbus, The Admiral who changed the world

6. Christopher Columbus
1492 – Made the Atlantic crossing with the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
In 1492 Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the Americas.
He traveled for Spain, hoping to reach the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic.
Instead, he reached the West Indies, islands in the Caribbean.

7. Christopher Columbus
Columbus was attempting to locate the all- water route to Asia and “unexpectedly” encountered the Americas.
The encounter between the Europeans and the Americans led to the Colombian Exchange.
The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occurred in 1492.

8. The Colombian Exchange

9. Old World to New World New World to Old World Diseases Animals Plants
Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, The Common Cold
Syphilis
Animals
Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep Goats, Chickens
Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs
Plants
Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass
Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Guavas Avocados

11. Lasting Impact of Columbus
His voyages marked the beginning of lasting contact between Europe, Africa, and Americas.
His voyages also devastated the Native American population due to the diseases the Europeans brought over. (killing many Native Americans)

12. Spain Builds an Empire
Balboa – crossed the isthmus of Panama and claimed the Pacific for Spain
Magellan – circumnavigated the globe.
Hernan Cortez and Francisco Pizarro Spanish Conquistadors) used horses and superior weapons to conqueror Mexico and Peru.

13. Spanish conquistadors
Cortés – Conquered the Aztecs, killed their emperor Montezuma.
Pizarro – Conquered the Incas
De Soto – explored Florida and died looking for gold he never found
Coronado – claimed present day New Mexico and Arizona for Spain

14. New Netherlands
Settled along the Hudson River around what is now New York
Established a busy port.
The Dutch and French became rivals in the fur trade.
The Rivals established alliances with Native tribes, thus increasing warfare among the Indians, French, Dutch, and English.

16. Spain Builds and Empire
Spanish monarchy became enriched by gold and silver that was being send from the Americas.
The encomienda system was introduced with the idea of caring and providing for the Native Americans but quickly became abusive and destructive.
Spaniards used a encomienda system: the using of large tracts of land for mining, ranching, and farming.
Native Americans: used as force laborers to mine silver and grow sugar cane or tobacco.
Spain used religion to justify their domination over the Native Americans.
Millions of Indians died from overwork and new diseases.
The encomiendas system was introduced with the idea of caring and providing for the Native Americans but quickly became abusive and destructive.
Also missionaries also came from Spain to convert the Native Americans to Catholics.

17. Harsh Life for Native Americans
Indians forced to work in Spanish mines
Most die so Spanish seek other labor sources
Atlantic slave trade begins

18. Settling New Spain
Millions of Indians died from overwork and new diseases.
3 settlements: pueblos, presidios, and missions
4 social classes: Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, and Mulattoes

19. New France European rulers were envious of Spain’s power.
They sent their own explorers to the “New World”. (France was established in Canada)
French missionaries came over to convert the Indians to Christianity.
French found a region the contained valuable fur-bearing animals.
French engaged in fur trade with the Native Americans

20. New France Settled along the St. Lawrence River
Hunters and trappers (coureurs de bois – “runners of the woods”)
Established friendly relations with the Indians
Expanded down the Mississippi River
Most largely free of government control

21. New Netherlands
Henry Hudson was hired to look for a Northwest Passage to Asia.
1609: Hudson reached New York Harbor.
Had a successful fur-trade with the Native Americans.
They practiced religious toleration and introduced enslaved persons to the colony.

22. Colonizing North America
Search for the Northwest Passage

24. Rivalries Among European Nations
The Protestant Reformation in 1500s divided Europe
Europeans settling in the Americas brought their rivalries with them (Example: Sir Francis Drake)

25. Francis Drake made a habit out of raiding the Spanish treasure fleets
Francis Drake made a habit out of raiding the Spanish treasure fleets. He brought gold and jewels home to England. When the Spanish complained to Queen Elizabeth, she knighted him “Sir Francis Drake”!

26. Why do you think he wanted to be painted with his hand on a globe?
Sir Francis Drake
Why do you think he wanted to be painted with his hand on a globe?

27. Introducing the 13 colonies
Who name any or all of the 13 Colonies ?
Who can tell me the importance these colonies being established?

28. Jamestown (1607) The 1st permanent English settlement
Founded for economic reasons: Settlers hoped to profit from Gold and other resources.
Had a disastrous start
Thanks to the Indians, they survived
When colonists started growing tobacco, the colony got better. By 1620, England was importing more than 30,000 lbs of tobacco a year.

29. Plymouth (1620) Plymouth was the second English colony founded.
It was founded for religious purposes.
The Pilgrims fled England to escape persecution because they did not agree with the policies of the Church of England.
They signed the Mayflower Compact so that they would be able to govern themselves.
(One King or Ruler not permitted) (Self-government)

30. Signing the Mayflower Compact

31. Important Historical Events
House of Burgesses (1619): Individuals from the Colony of Virginia established an elected representative assembly
Mayflower Compact(1620): Self-government
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: government is based on the rights of individuals citizens.
SF: Towns would elect representatives in April and Sept. to their General Assembly or Court (the magistrates would elect a Governor).

32. The Other English Colonies
Puritans landed near Massachusetts Bay in 1630.
They wanted to practice their own religious beliefs without persecution as well, and “purify” the church.
Rodger Williams left Massachusetts to start his own colony since Puritans did not permit others to practice their religion.
He went to Rhode Island in 1636 with simple principals of religious toleration.

33. Other English Colonies
Other people that left Massachusetts branched off to form colonies and established the colonies of Connecticut and New Hampshire. -Thomas Hooker was the leader of Connecticut -He established self-government in the Fundamental Orders (1639). -It provided a basis for future governing in the colony.

34. Other English Colonies
New York: was know as New Netherlands but was taken over when the Dutch refused to fight the British and the colony was renamed by Governor Peter Stuyvesant.
Pennsylvania: was founded for the Quakers, which were a group of Protestants who opposed war. (William Penn Founded this Colony).
Penn negotiated peaceful purchases of land, gave a written constitution that limited power of government, provided humane penal code and guaranteed many fundamental liberties.

35. Other English Colonies
Maryland: Lord Baltimore founded this colony.
Delaware and New Jersey: these territories were taken from the Dutch by the English in 1664.
North and South Carolina: Established for economic reasons. They hoped to profit from attracting settlers from Virginia, who would grow tobacco to sale to Europe.
Georgia: Founded for social reason. James Oglethrope as a place for imprisoned debtors and convicts sent from England.

36. Other English Colonies

37. Differences Amongst the Colonies
By the 1730’s thirteen colonies existed along the Atlantic coast.
New patterns of life developed in separate regions of the English colonies .
The differences were based on physical characteristics and their environment, religious beliefs, origins of the colonist, presence of slaves, and different ways of earning a living.

38. Differences Amongst the Colonies
New England Colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut and Rhode Islands
Characteristics of New England Colonies: short growing seasons/ cooler climates/ rocky soil.
The influx of Puritans encouraged fishing, shipping, and handicraft trades.

39. Differences Amongst the Colonies
Middle Atlantic Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania was located between the New England and the Southern Colonies
Characteristics of these colonies were: greater ethnic or religious diversity than NE or S colonies, fertile soil, and grew food crops

40. Differences Amongst the Colonies
Southern Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
Characteristics of these colonies: long growing seasons, warmer climates, (Anglican settlers seeking to make their fortune) encouraged larger farms that grew cash crops for sale to England, and large plantations developed among large water routes.

41. The End of Unit 1
Exploration and Colonization
The End!!!!