1. SYMPOSIUM ON OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OPEN TEXT BOOKS – A VIGNETTE G. DHANARAJAN WAWASAN OPEN UNIVERSITY PENANG, MALAYSIA

2. OPEN TEXT BOOKS “OER is a relatively new phenomenon which may be seen as a part of a larger trend towards openness in (higher) education including more well-known and established movements such as Open Source Software (OSS) and Open Access (OA).” J. Hylen: www.oecd.org/edu/ceri]

3. OPEN TEXT BOOKS Two most important aspects of “openness”: 1. free availability over the Internet 2. as few restrictions as possible

4. OPEN TEXT BOOKS This means: no technical barriers (undisclosed source code), no price barriers (subscriptions, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and as few legal permission barriers as possible (copyright and licensing restrictions) for the end-user. end-user should be able not only to use or read the resource but also to adapt it, build upon it and thereby reuse redistribute it, all of it with attribution to the original author. SOURCE: http://collegeopentextbooks.org

5. OPEN TEXT BOOKS So a working definition of OER: “Open Educational Resources are digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and re-use for teaching, learning and research.” SOURCE: http://collegeopentextbooks.org

6. OPEN TEXT BOOK “ An emerging development in OER is open textbooks, which are textbooks that are freely available with nonrestrictive licenses. Covering a wide range of disciplines, open textbooks are available to download and print in various file formats from several web sites and OER repositories. Open textbooks can range from public domain books to existing textbooks to textbooks created specifically for OER.” OER Commons http://wiki.oercommons.org/mediawiki/index.php/

7. OPEN TEXT BOOK For a textbook to be considered open, it must be licensed in a way that grants a baseline set of rights to users that are less restrictive than its standard. A license or list of permissions must be clearly stated by the author. SOURCE: http://collegeopentextbooks.org

8. OPEN TEXT BOOK Generally, the minimum baseline rights allow users at least the following: to use the textbook without compensating the author to copy the textbook, with appropriate credit to the author to distribute the textbook non-commercially to shift the textbook into another format (such as digital or print) SOURCE: http://collegeopentextbooks.org

9. OPEN TEXT BOOK Many authors also grant rights such as: to add, remove or alter content in the textbook, often on the condition that derivative works must have the same license to copy and distribute the textbook without giving credit to the author to use the textbook commercially SOURCE: http://collegeopentextbooks.org

10. OPEN TEXT BOOK “Already, more than 1,300 professors across the country are using open textbooks - which are free online, affordable in print and openly licensed – saving students 80% on average according to the new report.”openly licensed Cable Green’s Blog: http://blog.oer.sbctc.edu/2010/10/howopen-textbooks-are-path- totextbook.html]http://blog.oer.sbctc.edu/2010/10/howopen-textbooks-are-path- totextbook.html

11. OPEN TEXT BOOK “ Open textbooks are free online textbooks that are available for download. In addition, users may choose to customize and to print any part of the online text. In this way, professors can make changes to the content in order to better suit their personal teaching styles. Depending upon the preferences of the original author of the material, it may even be possible to request professionally bound printed copies of the content for just $10 to $20.”online Top Colleges: http://www.topcolleges.com/blog/2010/04/25/opentextbooks-offer-money- savingopportunities-to-college-students/]http://www.topcolleges.com/blog/2010/04/25/opentextbooks-offer-money- savingopportunities-to-college-students/

12. OPEN TEXT BOOK “ Open textbooks are a long-term solution, because they offer a range of affordable options including print copies, PDFs and free web-based versions that can reduce costs for all students. (from the Cover to Cover Solution Abstract, Student PIRGs)” Educause: http://www.educause.edu/ResourcesACovertoCover SolutionHowOpenTe/214612

13. OPEN TEXT BOOK “Open textbooks are typically authored by faculty and published on the web with the support of universities or new commercial companies. This new business model enables free online access to textbooks. Open textbooks are usually governed by Creative Commons licenses that enable users to download, customize or print the textbook without expressed written consent of the author.” California State University, Affordable Learning Solutionshttp://als.csuprojects.org/free-textbookshttp://als.csuprojects.org/free-textbooks

14. OPEN TEXT BOOK “…textbooks that are made freely available by their authors and can be chopped up and manipulated by professors who use them.” Inside Higher Ed: http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/10/01/textbooks http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/10/01/textbooks

15. OPEN TEXT BOOK SourceFunding Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources: Open Textbooks Philanthropy/ Public California Learning Resource Network (CLRN)Philanthropy ConnexionsPhilanthropy Flat World Knowledge **Commercial Kahn AcademyPhilanthropy MERLOTPhilanthropy Orange Grove Open TextbooksPhilanthropy OER CommonsPhilanthropy Open TextbooksPhilanthropy BOOKBOON.com **Commercial WikibooksPhilanthropy

16. OPEN TEXT BOOK

19. http://www.ck12.org/flexbook/

20. OPEN TEXT BOOK

21. OPEN TEXT BOOKS http://www.ck12.org/flexbook/book/2988/

22. OPEN TEXT BOOK