1. Chapter 10 Canada

3. Section 1 - Ontario Ontario is one of the Canadian provinces. It lies between Hudson Bay and the Great lakes. The northern region is part of the Canadian Shield Few people live in this rocky land with harsh winters. The southern lowlands have milder winters and warm summers About a third of Canada’s entire population lives there.

4. Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 3 territories. Each province has their own government. Canada’s central government is located in Ottawa, Ontario. The head of the state is the British king or queen. However the country’s prime minster leads the government.

5. In the 1800’s Ontario was known as Upper Canada and Quebec was known as Lower Canada. Ottawa was chosen as the capital because it was located on the border of the two territories. As Canada added more provinces and territories, the capital stayed at Ottawa.

6. Ottawa

7. Each of Canada’s provinces has a capital. Toronto is Canada’s largest city. It’s the New York City of Canada. Located on Lake Ontario, it became a major trade and transportation center. After WWII, many European immigrants came to Toronto. Nearly half of the people who live in Toronto were born in other countries.

8. French Culture in Quebec France claimed Quebec in the 1500’s For many years the French and British fought for the region. In 1759, the British captured the city of Quebec. In the French and Indian war. Within four years, France surrendered all its colonies east of the Mississippi River to the British.

9. Even though the British won, tens of thousands of French colonists stayed in the region. Their descendants make up most of Quebec’s largest city, Montreal. More than 65% of the population are Francophones.

10. The Quiet Revolution In the 1960’s the Francophones became concerned about their language and culture. English was spoken at schools and at work. Most FC got jobs with lower pay. In 1960, the Liberal party came to power in Quebec. Reforms were made in employment, education and health care. This change became know as the Quiet Revolution.

11. However, the separatist movement still grew. In the 1970’s French became the official language of Quebec. There have been votes to see if the people want to separate themselves from Canada. But there have not been enough votes for this. The people of Quebec have celebrated cultural festivals to help preserve their culture.

12. Ch 10-2 The Prairie Provinces Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are often called the Prairie Provinces. They are located in the largest prairie in the world. Native people have lived there for thousands of years. Buffalo was a very important to these native people.

13. Buffalo provided meat for food and hides for clothing. When people of European descent moved into the region, they quickly killed off most of the buffalo herds. At the same time, the government of Canada began to take over native peoples’ land.

14. There began to be fewer native people. The Indians living on the plains did not have immunity to diseases brought by European immigrants. The settlers wanted to farm the prairie. To encourage settlers to move to the prairie the government of Canada offered free land to the settlers. From 1900-1910 the population of Alberta alone increased by more then 500 percent

15. Until the 1900s, nearly all Canadians were native people or families from the early French and British settlers. Soon, immigrants from many different countries in Europe came to Canada. Many of these immigrants became wheat farmers.

16. When the Canadian Pacific Railway was finished, settlers reached the Prairie Provinces more easily. It has also allowed wheat to be carried more quickly to the rest of the world. Today, more the ¾ of Canada’s farmland is in the Prairie Provinces. Canada has become one of the world’s leading exporters of wheat. The region is known as Canada’s Breadbasket.

17. Celebrating Traditions Each year, the cities of the Prairie Provinces celebrate their cultural heritage. The Calgary Stampede is a ten day rodeo that honors the area’s ranching legacy. Each February, Festival du Voyageur is held in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It honors the French Canadian fur- trading heritage.

18. Section 3: British Columbia The first people came to present day British Columbia at least 10,000 years ago. They belonged to several ethnic groups and spoke many languages. Each group had its own customs.. Many of them carved totem poles.

20. In the late 1700s, European explores arrived. The British built a fur-trading post on Vancouver Island, off the coast of British Columbia. Fur traders introduced tools, European style clothing, and ideas to the native people. Then in 1858, gold was discovered along the Fraser River.

21. Two years later, gold was found in Cariboo Mountains in eastern British Columbia. More miners came. Boomtowns sprang up almost overnight along the road. When the gold rush was over many boomtowns died out.

22. The new settlers were taking gold from the indigenous peoples’ land. Native people had been the majority, but now they were the smallest minority. They were pushed onto small reserves. Laws banned many of their customs, religions and languages. Children were taken from their parents and placed in government run schools.

23. Today, the indigenous people of British Columbia take pride in their history. They are demanding political rights and land. This has led to tensions between indigenous peoples and other British Columbians.

24. In 1881, work began on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Its goal was to unite Canada. The railroad stretched all the way across Canada. Changes resulted from the railroad. Immigrants working on the railroad stayed after the railroad was done. Towns grew up along the railroad, and more newcomers moved in.

26. Economics and Culture The railroads connects all of Canada, but mountains form a barrier between British Columbia and the rest of Canada. Trade links British Columbia with the Pacific Rim. These countries include Japan, Australia, Chile and Peru.

27. Another reason that people in British Columbia feel connected to the Pacific Rim is the varied population of BC. More then 15 percent of the people are of Asian descent.

28. 10-4 The Atlantic Provinces Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are the Atlantic Provinces. Many people live on the coast. The people of this region are mainly of English, Irish, Scottish and French descent.

30. The Vikings were probably the first Europeans to build a colony here. Then in 1497, an English explorer named John Cabot called one of the islands New Found Land. About 100 years later it became England’s first overseas colony. In 2001, the province’s name changed to Newfoundland and Labrador.

31. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost part of North America. It is closer to Ireland, across the Atlantic, than it is to New York State. Because of this, it is a transatlantic transportation and communications center. It is also close to the Grand Banks, this area was once the best fishing area in the world.

32. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island were once part of Acadia. Acadia was a French settlement. Control went back and forth between the two countries. During the fighting, the Acadians did not take sides. At one point, when the British were in control, they feared the French Acadian settlers were loyal to France.

33. Therefore, they exiled the Acadians. Some settled in Quebec, some moved to France or other French Colonies. Others moved to present day Louisiana. Their descendants there are known as Cajuns.

34. British gained permanent control in 1763, at the end of the Seven Years’ War. Many Acadians then returned to the area, but The British had taken over the farmlands So the Acadians took up fishing and lumbering.

35. A Maritime Economy The Atlantic Provinces are often called the Maritime Provinces. That is because much of their economy depends on fishing. In 1992 the government limited the amount of Cod a boat could catch. In 2003, the government ended Cod fishing altogether.

36. This was because of the overfishing that was causing a decline in the cod population. Thousands of jobs have been lost. They are now catching other types of fish.

37. Aquaculture is a growing industry. Mussels are grown on Canada’s eastern coast. There are salmon farms off the shores of New Brunswick.