1. Faculty of Engineering ENERGY MEC002J1 The Professional Engineer Dr S Burgess

2. Faculty of Engineering Content Energy (definition, conversion of and unit) Power (definition, unit and examples) Alternate (renewable) energy Energy conservation Task for next week

3. Faculty of Engineering Energy Capacity for doing work (exists in various forms) Energy conversion – the process of converting energy from one form to another! Potential energy – a form of energy a body possesses by virture of its position (ex. a coiled spring) Kinetic energy – a form of energy a body possesses by virture of its motion (ex. releasing a coiled spring)

4. Faculty of Engineering Generation of electricity is a good example of energy conversion In the power station, a fossil fuel (coal/oil) is burned to produce heat Energy conversion Heat is used to boil water Boiling water is turned into high pressure steam Steam drives a turbine which is connected to a generator The generator produces electricity as it rotates Four stages – chemical, heat, mechanical & electrical energy!

5. Faculty of Engineering Unit of energy Energy is measured in Joules (J) In basic electrical theory – an e.m.f. source is measured in terms of the number of joules of work necessary to move one coulomb of electricity around the circuit. Expressed as: E = W/Q E is the e.m.f. in volts (V) W is the energy in joules (J) Q is the quantity of electricity in coulombs (C)

6. Faculty of Engineering Unit of energy Q [quantity of electricity in coulombs (C)] can also be expressed as: Q = I*t where, I = current in amps (A) t = time in seconds (s) Thus, if E = W/Q then W = E*Q and W = E*I*t Q

7. Faculty of Engineering Power is the rate of doing work, such that, one joule of work is done in one second Power It is the ratio of energy and time – its unit is the Watt (W). After James Watt (1736-1819) The ratio is expressed as: P = W/t Re-arranging we get: W = P*t But W = E*I*t thus P*t = E*I*t P = E*I This is the total power dissipated by an electric circuit

8. Faculty of Engineering Power In an electric circuit, when current flows through a resistor, heat is dissipated between the points of connection. This involves the current (I) and potential difference (V). We now write: P = V*I There are several ways of expressing power: I = V/R, P = V 2 /R, P = I 2 *R

9. Faculty of Engineering Power Instrument for measuring power is a ‘Wattmeter’ Instrument for recording energy is a ‘Integrating meter’ Typical domestic Wattmeter

10. Faculty of Engineering Domestic user example – A consumer has the following electrical demand: Lighting 0.5 kW for 6 hours Water heating 3.0 kW for 2 hours Sockets 3.5 kW for 3 hours Cooking 5.0 kW for 2 hours Determine the daily energy usage in (a) Joules and (b) kWH Power

11. Faculty of Engineering (a) W = P*t W = [(500 * 6) + (3000 * 2) + (3500 * 3) + (5000 * 2)] * 3600 106.2 MJ Solution (b) W = P*t W = [(0.5 * 6) + (3 * 2) + (3.5 * 3) + (5 * 2)] 29.5 kWh Since: 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ, then 29.5 kWh = 106.2 MJ

12. Faculty of Engineering Electric kettle example – An electric kettle is rated at 3 kW @ 230V What is the cost of using the kettle on 28 occasions per week if it takes two minutes to boil? Take one unit (a single kW) of electricity to cost 7.8p Power Ans – W = P*t = kWh W = 3 * 2/60 * 28 = 2.8 kW cost per week = 2.8 kW * 7.8p = 21.84 pence

13. Faculty of Engineering Power The last example shows the cost of a single electrical appliance. With natural energy resources dwindling the cost of electricity will rise in the future, this is why we (as engineers) are interested in energy conservation and alternate energy sources!

14. Faculty of Engineering Energy conservation Low energy light bulbs Reduced thermostat setting Better insulation materials (i.e. loft, walls, hot water tank etc) Switch off appliances

15. Faculty of Engineering Alternate (renewable) energy Solar energy Wind Biomass Heat pumps Bio Fuels

16. Faculty of Engineering Task Write a small report (2 – 3 pages) on a form of alternate energy. The choice of alternate energy source is yours. Include – text, diagrams & pictures. Show calculations on usage, energy saving, system efficiency etc…. Submit report to School Office (Rm 5D06) by 5pm Tuesday 23 Oct 2007.

17. Faculty of Engineering Questions?