1. From Invertebrates  Vertebrates

2. Phylum Chordata
Most of the Chordates are vertebrates in the Subphylum: VERTEBRATA
A few are “Invertebrate Chordates”

3. Phylum Chordata
… at some point during their life cycle, the organisms have:
NOTOCHORD: Long firm rod – that becomes the backbone.
HOLLOW DORSAL NERVE CORD: Above the notochord – this becomes the brain and spinal cord.
GILL SLITS: (pharyngeal slits): Often disappear.

4. MOST also have ... Tail at some stage (post anal tail)
Two sets of “paired” appendages (arms & legs for example)
Closed Circulatory System (ventral heart)
Gills or Lungs for breathing

5. Before we get to “Chordata”
There are a few groups of organisms that are “in-between”
They are NOT true Invertebrates
They are NOT Vertebrates
(as we are most familiar with) ...

6. Phylum Chordata Importance because they have a common ancestor
They are the “Invertebrate Chordates” *
Importance because they have a common ancestor
SUBPHYLUM:
Cephalochordata – Lancelets *
Urochordata – Tunicates *
Vertebrata – You

7. Cephalochordata

8. Cephalochordata - Lancelets
Scale-less, fishlike marine animal
Live in the bottom of the sea
Filter-feeders

9. Amphioxis

12. Urochordata – Tunicates (“Sea Squirts”)
A tunicate is built like a barrel / filter feeders
The name, "tunicate" comes from the firm, but flexible body covering, called a tunic.
Spend most of adult lives attached to docks, rocks, or the undersides of boats (sessile)

13.                                                                                   
Evolutionary clue …
One clue that tunicates are related to vertebrates is found in the tunicate larva, or tadpole.
It looks like a tiny tadpole, and has a nerve cord down its back.
Similar to the nerve cord found inside of all vertebrates.

14. Tunicate Tadpoles … … mature quickly, usually in just a few hours.
The tadpoles do not feed at this stage, they do not have a mouth
Their sole job is to find a place to live.
When ready to settle, a sticky secretion helps them attach head first to the spot they have chosen.
They then reabsorb the tail to build new structures needed for their adult way of life.

17. Subphylum: Vertebrata

18. General Characteristics
Usually 2 sets of paired appendages
Closed Circulatory System
Ventral Heart
Gills or Lungs for Breathing
Notochord is replaced by a backbone (or vertebral column) which encloses and protect the nerve cord (spinal cord)

19. Subphylum: Vertebrata
#1 – The Fishes

20. #1 – The Fishes Gills: Obtain oxygen from water get rid of CO2
Most have “single loop” blood circulation
Have a backbone (some notochord)
A two chambered heart
Most have external fertilization
Gill Covering = Operculum

21. The Fish = Fishes Modern Fish are divided into three classes:
Class: Agnatha (jawless fish)
Lampreys and Hagfish
Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
Sharks, skates, rays
Class: Osteichthyes = (bony fish)
Lungfish, Trout, Bass, Salmon, Perch

22. Hagfish

23.
Video showing the slime of hagfish

24. Class: Agnatha – Jawless Fish
Characteristics
Primitive / No jaws
Cartilaginous skeleton
Scale-less skin
Oral sucker in place of jaws
Predators and filter feeders
Anti-coagulating saliva
fresh and salt water

27. Lake Trout with wounds from Lamprey

28. A final note on Lampreys
Can you eat them?

29. Eat Lamprey?
For centuries, river lampreys have been considered a delicacy in Europe
King Henry I of England, in a fit of royal gluttony, is said to have died from a "surfeit of lamprey."
The unappetizing appearance of the eel-like fish has so far not made this a big seller in this country.
FYI: Lamprey goes for = $25 / pound 

30. NEWS OF THE DAY

33. NEWS OF THE DAY

35. Class: Chondrichthyes Sharks, Rays, Skates
Characteristics:
Cartilaginous skeleton
Skin covered with denticles, not scales
Five to seven gill slits per side
No swim bladder
Internal fertilization
Spiral valve intestines

36. Spotted Eagle Ray
Skate

37. Scalloped Hammerhead

38. Scalloped Hammerhead Shark
The strangely shaped head of this shark helps to allow some lift as it swims.
The eyes are greatly separated which increases depth perception. Small pits on the underside of the head are sensitive to electrical fields and help to locate prey under the sand.
They grow to about 12 feet.

39. Teeth – continually replace themselves.

40. Skate or Ray Skate: Ray: Pelvic fin = 2 lobes Tail Thick – no spine
2 Dorsal fins on tail (usually)
Thorn-like scales called: “Bucklers”
Oviparous: “Mermaid Purse”
Ray:
Pelvic fin = 1 lobe
Tail slender – usually with stinging spine
No dorsal fin (usually)
No bucklers
Usually larger than skate
Viviparous: live bearing

42. Class: Osteichthyes – Bony Fish
Characteristics:
Skeleton made of bone
Lateral line
Two chambered heart / Ectothermic
Operculum (bony covering over the gills)
Swim bladder (adjusts buoyancy)
Paired fins

43. Characteristics Continued …
Marine and fresh water species
Gills used for respiration
No external ears
No eye lids
External fertilization
Oviparous = lays eggs

49. Swim Bladder

52. Class: Amphibia “Double Life”
Amphibians
Class: Amphibia
“Double Life”

53. Examples
Frog / Toad
Salamander / Newt
                               
Caecilian
Mudpuppy / Hellbender

54. Traits of Amphibians
Their skin is smooth and slimy, often porous, moist skin with many glands (toads have several poison glands)
Amphibians are cold-blooded / ectothermic
Often have complex life cycle: egg, tadpole, adult (metamorphosis)
Some species fertilize eggs externally, some internally.

55. Traits continued Usually have gills as larvae, and lungs as adults.
Double loop circulation:
Heart:
Larvae = 2 chambers
Adult = 3 chambers
2 Atria / 1 Ventricle (pumping section)
Most can breathe through the skin.

57. Single Loop Circulation Double Loop Circulation

58. Frog Vs Toad Smooth, soft, moist skin Large Tympanum (especially male)
Slender Body
Long Legs / Speedy swimmers
Clumps of eggs laid in water
Thick, dry skin, often bumpy
Small tympanum
Plump body
Short legs / slow moving
Strands of eggs laid in water

60. Is a newt a salamander?
Yes, but a salamander is not always a newt. Confused? The word "salamander" is the name for an entire group, or scientific order, of amphibians that have tails as adults. This includes animals commonly known as newts and sirens. Most of the animals in the salamander order look like a cross between a lizard and a frog. They have moist, smooth skin like frogs and long tails like lizards. The term "newt" is sometimes used for salamanders that spend most of each year living on land. Other names salamanders go by include olm, axolotl, spring lizard, water dog, mud puppy, hellbender, triton, and Congo eel….
Courtesy of San Diego Zoo 

62. Questions… What is cutaneous respiration? What does “TETRAPOD” mean?
Breathe through the skin
What does “TETRAPOD” mean?
4 Legs
What does “CAUDATA” mean?
Long Tail (Salamanders / Newts)

63. What does “GYMNIOPHONA” mean? What does “ANURA” or Salienta mean?
Limbless (Caecilians)
What does “ANURA” or Salienta mean?
Tail-less (Frogs and Toads)

65. Mudpuppy Dissection: Genus "Necturus"
No not this kind…  ha, ha!

66. Mudpuppy Anatomy

73. Mudpuppy Eggs

78. Frog Dissection

79. Dissection Intro Heart has 3 chambers
1 ventricle
2 atrium
Fat Bodies: Yellow, fat-like purpose to feed the frog during hibernation – larger in female – to help nourish eggs
Kidneys (flat & reddish-brown) – filter blood

80. Frogs have no ribs
Nictitating membrane is attached at the bottom of the eye
Eustachian tubes lead to the tympanum
Glottis leads to the lungs
Gullet leads to the esophagus stomach
Liver has 3 lobes
Pylorus is a valve at the lower part of the stomach – it holds the food in the stomach until it is digested enough to enter the small intestine.

81. Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and adjust insulin levels (in humans)
Mesentery is a clear tissue that holds the organs in place.
Pericardium – clear covering over the heart

82. Amplexus

83. 1. Place the preserved frog in a dissecting tray

85. Mouth Anatomy Open your frog's mouth very wide, cutting the angles of the jaw if necessary.

87. Internal

89. #42
#43

90. #44
#45

91. #39
#40
#40
#41

99. #48
#47
#49

100. #50

105. Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia
Phylum = Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia

106. Examples Snakes Lizards (gecko, skink, chameleon) Turtles Tortoises
Alligators
Crocodiles

107. Reptilia = Four Orders Testudines or Chelonia = Turtles
Rhynchocephalia = Tuatara (primitive lizard-like reptile) – only one species survives (in New Zealand)
Squamata = Lizards, Snakes & Worm Lizards (see pg. 305 Zoology book)
Crocodilia = Alligators & Crocodiles

108. Characteristics Skin SCALED – has to be “shed” to grow
Ectothermic = Cold Blooded
Most have claws
Eggs laid on land = Amniotic Egg
Internal Fertilization
Heart = 3 Chambers (Crocodiles = 4)

109. Turtles Vs Tortoises

110. Plastron Vs Carapace

111. Amniotic Egg

114. Snakes
Carnivores with a hinged jaw, most smell with the tongue – take molecules out of the air to the roof of the mouth called “Jacobsen’s Organ”
Venom:
Hemotoxin = Affects the circulatory system – destroys RBC’s (red blood cells)
Neurotoxin – Shuts down the nervous system.

117. Parthenogenesis
The production of offspring without fertilization by a male
It is rare in vertebrate species
Info …Most zoos keep only females, with males being moved between zoos for mating
Why is this potentially not a good idea…?

118. Autotomy “Tail Loss” (self amputation) to escape predators
Tail, Leg – etc.
Common among lizards

119. Snakes

121. Identifying a Crocodile

122. Identifying an Alligator

123. The average alligator grows to about 14 feet Crocodiles can reach 19 feet or more

126. Komodo Dragon On the Indonesian islands of Komodo
There are only an estimated 1,000 to 5,000 living today.
Reaching lengths of up to 3 m or more

128. Phylum = Chordata
Class: Aves = Birds

129.                               
Evolved from Reptiles
Jurassic Period – 150 million years ago

130. Birds - Examples Pigeon Penguin Canada Goose Hummingbird
Great Blue Heron
Robin
Cardinal
Owl

135. Characteristics They have feathers = modified scales
Bones are “Pneumatic” - nearly hollow = lighter weight – with reinforced struts
Specially designed beak & feet for their way of life
Four chambered heart
Warm Blooded or Endothermic
Internal Fertilization

139. Oviparous = Egg Laying Two Legs / Two Wings
Uropygial gland = Preen Gland (oil gland) – for waterproofing feathers (all contained in the pygostyle)
10. Wishbone = furcula

140. Uropygial gland

141. 11. PRECOCIAL = Young are active a soon as they hatch
11. PRECOCIAL = Young are active a soon as they hatch. They can walk, swim feed themselves. (Many eggs) Examples: Ducks, Geese, Killdeer
12. ALTRICIAL = “Few” eggs; Hatch quickly, need parental care. Examples: Robins, pigeons, woodpeckers, hawks.

144. 13. “Anting” – some birds pick up ants in bill – and rub over feathers – some ants give off “Formic Acid” – toxic to mites.

145. Relationships Monogamous birds:
About 90 % of all birds are monogamous.
one male mating with one female and forming a "pair bond." That bond may last for a single nesting, one or more breeding seasons:
Robins, Tree Swallows, Mourning Doves
Or for life
albatrosses, swans, geese, eagles, and some owls and parrots

146. Polygamy Polygamy occurs in two forms in bird societies:
Polygyny: one male with several females
Red-winged black birds, house wrens, meadowlarks
Polyandry: one female with several males
Spotted Sandpiper and Wilson's Phalarope
This is quite rare

147. Navigation & Migration
Navigation: (how do birds navigate?)
Birds can use the sun, the stars, the earth's magnetic field, & odors to find their way home.
Once they're very close to home they probably also notice local landmarks and geography.
Migration: (why do they migrate?)
Because during winter food, water, a sheltered place to nest are difficult to find.
Food and water supply disappear (or freeze), plant cover can vanish, and competition with other animals can increase.

148. Feathers

150. Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia = The Mammals

151. Examples
Skunk
Kangaroo
Human
Mouse
Bat
Dog
Squirrel
Dolphin

154. Characteristics Mammals are warm blooded or endothermic
MOST are VIVIPAROUS = live birth
Female has mammary glands which produce milk to feed the young
Several kinds of teeth = “Heterodont” (bite, chew, grind)

155. Mammal Teeth

156. Rodent Teeth

157. Diaphragm – separates the chest cavity from the abdomen.
Four chambered heart
Skin: Most have sweat glands “sudoriferous glands” (not all have enough to cool themselves – human do)
Most have hair or “Pelage” – or a furry coat (protection, insulation, etc.)

158. Three Orders: Classified by how they reproduce
MONOTREMES = Egg Laying Mammals
Oviparous = lays eggs – but obtains milk from mother (not true nipples)
Examples:
Duck-billed Platypus
Spiny Anteater / Echidna – lives over 50 years
Monotremes – have cloaca that the intestine, urinary bladder all empty into.

161. Marsupials = Pouched Mammals
Pouch is called “marsupium”
Examples:
Kangaroo:
Koala
Wallaby
Wombat
Opossum
Females re-mates on the day of giving birth or very soon after
If newborn in pouch survive, newly conceived fetus goes into a “suspended” state = “embryonic diapause”

162. Placental Mammals have a placenta
Examples:
Shrews
Bats
Sloth
Rats
Rabbits
Wolves
Whales
Dolphins
Manatee
Hippo
Zebra
Elephant
Gorilla
Human

163. Placental Mammals
The embryo is fed via the umbilical cord and attachment to the mother’s uterus.
The allantois and the yolk sac become the umbilical cord removing waste and feeding the embryo (fetus). Together with part of the chorion – they make up the placenta.

165. Amphibian eggs – Reptile eggs – Placental Mammal

166. Mammal Dentition

167. Mammalian Teeth Molars / Premolars: Grinding
Canines: Tearing / Ripping
Incisors: Cutting
“Heterodont” = teeth specialized for different functions

171. Animal Relationships

174. Animal Relationships
Intraspecific interactions are interactions among organisms of the same species
Interspecific interactions are interactions among organisms of different species
Symbiosis
Any relationship that involves two (or more) species living together and interacting = predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, etc.,
but usually means mutualism

175. Symbiosis
Predation: When a larger animal eats other, smaller animals. Lions may eat antelope, and wolves may eat deer.
Predator = Hunter (the one doing the hunting)
Prey = Hunted (the one captured!)
Mutualism: A relationship between two species where both benefit.

176. Predator Vs Prey
Hunter or Hunted

178. Predator Vs Prey

180. Commensalism
A relationship between two species that is beneficial to one but the other one is not helped nor harmed.
Often a “tough call” between Mutualism or Commensalism…

183. Parasite
When a smaller organism feeds on a larger, weakening or killing it.
This is a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.
Often the host is not killed outright. Because a parasite lives in/on the body of its host and needs the host to remain alive, it is usually advantageous for the parasite to not kill its host.

184. Parasites (ticks)

186. Parasites
Fungus on Insects

187. Coevolution
Coevolution is the mutual evolutionary influence between two species (the evolution of two species totally dependent on each other).
Each of the species has a major influence of the survival of the other, so they evolve together.
Coevolution is an extreme example of mutualism

188. Coevolution Yucca moths & yucca plants
Yucca flowers are a certain shape so only that tiny moth can pollinate them.
The moths lay their eggs in the yucca flowers and the larvae (caterpillars) live in the developing ovary and eat yucca seeds.

189. Coevolution examples Acacia ants & acacia trees
Acacias are small, Central American trees.
They have large, hollow thorns.
The acacia ants live in the thorns.
The plant makes a substance used by the ants as food.
The ants defend the tree by stinging any animal that comes near the plant.
The ants also prune off seedlings of any other plants that sprout under “their” tree

190. Coevolution
Coevolution is often seen in a number of species of flowering plants that coevolved with specific pollinators (insects, bats, etc). The pollinator gets a reward such as nectar.
The common snapdragons that many people plant in their gardens are just the right shape & size for a bumblebee to pollinate & open up!

192. You did it!  Congratulations!
The End
You did it! 
Congratulations!