1. Let’s Review 1. Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? a. Decreased kernel size b. Decreased potential yield c. Decreased dependence on chemical fertilizers d. Increase susceptibility to plant disease.

2. Let’s try one more… 2. Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the Green Revolution in food resources? a. The application of higher levels of organic fertilizers to increase rice production b. Deforestation to provide field crops with increase sunlight for photosynthesis c. The addition of calorie, fat, and fiber percentages to the information provided on food package labels. d. The development of new strains of crops with higher yields.

3. Water Resources Chapter 13

4. Warm-up Given that there is a fixed amount of fresh water on the planet, what will happen to the distribution of water resources as global population grows? Given that there is a fixed amount of fresh water on the planet, what will happen to the distribution of water resources as global population grows? What happens when a fresh water resource is polluted? What happens when a fresh water resource is polluted? Why is it important to protect fresh water resources from pollution? Why is it important to protect fresh water resources from pollution?

5. Why Is Water Important? Is Water covers ¾ of Earth’s surface Water covers ¾ of Earth’s surface It has helped shape the continents It has helped shape the continents It moderates our climate It moderates our climate It allows organisms to survive – humans are composed of about 70% water by body weight It allows organisms to survive – humans are composed of about 70% water by body weight

6. Distribution of Water Seawater 97.5% Seawater 97.5% Fresh water 2.5% Fresh water 2.5% Ice caps and glaciers 1.97% Ice caps and glaciers 1.97% Groundwater 0.5% Groundwater 0.5% Other water (lakes, rivers, soil, moisture, atmosphere ) 0.03% Other water (lakes, rivers, soil, moisture, atmosphere ) 0.03%

7. Supply of Water Resources Fig. 15-2 p. 307 Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Biota 0.0001% Biota 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.0001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.0001% Lakes 0.0007% Soil moisture 0.0005% Groundwater 0.592% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 1.97% 0.014%

8. Vocabulary Wetland Wetland Greenways Greenways Percolation Percolation Leaching Leaching Infiltration Infiltration Capillary water Capillary water Reservoirs Reservoirs Arid/Semi-Arid Arid/Semi-Arid Desiccation Desiccation Subsidence Subsidence Sinkhole Sinkhole Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intrusion Salinization Salinization Distillation Distillation Aqueduct Aqueduct Drip or trickle irrigation Drip or trickle irrigation Xeriscape Xeriscape Reclaimed Water Reclaimed Water Potable Water Potable Water

9. Water Facts  Every day more than 1 billion people make a 83-hour journey on foot just to collect water.  More than 1.2 billion people (25% of the world’s total population) do not have access to a safe and adequate water supply.

10. Water Facts 14,000 people die every day from water-related illnesses. This includes diseases transmitted via water such as giardia and dysentery, from lack of water (dehydration), and from parasites that breed in water (e.g. malaria) 14,000 people die every day from water-related illnesses. This includes diseases transmitted via water such as giardia and dysentery, from lack of water (dehydration), and from parasites that breed in water (e.g. malaria) An average U.S. citizen will spend 0.5% of his/her annual income on water; while a citizen of Honduras will spend 25% of his/her annual income on water. An average U.S. citizen will spend 0.5% of his/her annual income on water; while a citizen of Honduras will spend 25% of his/her annual income on water.

11. Hydrologic Cycle

12. Use of Water Resources  Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff  Agriculture  Power plants  Industry  Power plants  Industry  Domestic Fig. 15-4 p. 309 United States Industry 11% Public 10% Power cooling 38% Agriculture 38%

13. Water Resources Over the last century Over the last century –Human population has increased 3x –Global water withdrawal has increased 7x –Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4x –About one-sixth of the world’s people don’t have easy access to safe water

14. Human water needs A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for hydration A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for hydration In the U.S. each person uses about 188 gallons/day In the U.S. each person uses about 188 gallons/day An additional 657 gallons/person/day are used for irrigation, industrial use. An additional 657 gallons/person/day are used for irrigation, industrial use. Total per capita use is about 2000 gal/person/day Total per capita use is about 2000 gal/person/day If world’s water supply were 100 liters, the usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp If world’s water supply were 100 liters, the usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp U.S. has highest per capita water withdrawal, followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan U.S. has highest per capita water withdrawal, followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan

15. Too Little Water  Dry climate  Drought  Desiccation  Water stress Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Fig. 15-6 p. 310

16. Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer Ground Water Ground Water Fig. 15-3 p. 308

17. Groundwater Aquifers

18. An aquifer is an underground layer of rock or soil that contains water. The water is held in the spaces between the rock or soil particles.

19. Two Kinds of Aquifers A confined aquifer is a water supply which is sandwiched between two layers of soil or rock that water can not pass through (impermeable layers). A confined aquifer is a water supply which is sandwiched between two layers of soil or rock that water can not pass through (impermeable layers). An unconfined aquifer is a water supply that has an impermeable layer below it, but not above it. An unconfined aquifer is a water supply that has an impermeable layer below it, but not above it. A confined aquifer that is under pressure is an artesian aquifer. The pressure can often push water to the surface in a well drilled into an artesian aquifer. A confined aquifer that is under pressure is an artesian aquifer. The pressure can often push water to the surface in a well drilled into an artesian aquifer. Usually wells need a pump to bring water to the surface from the aquifer they are drilled into (confined and unconfined aquifers) Usually wells need a pump to bring water to the surface from the aquifer they are drilled into (confined and unconfined aquifers)

20. Use of Aquifers We use aquifers as a source of drinking water, to irrigate crops, and in industry. We use aquifers as a source of drinking water, to irrigate crops, and in industry. As with any container of water, pumping from the aquifer empties it--or at least decreases the amount of water it holds. Aquifers are refilled, or recharged, in areas where they are exposed on the surface of the earth. Water can re-enter the aquifer in these recharge areas. As with any container of water, pumping from the aquifer empties it--or at least decreases the amount of water it holds. Aquifers are refilled, or recharged, in areas where they are exposed on the surface of the earth. Water can re-enter the aquifer in these recharge areas.

21. How Long Does It Take The Water To Move?

22. What Is Groundwater Depletion?

23. Where Does Groundwater Depletion Occur In The United States?

24. Drying up of wells/ water table lowering Drying up of wells/ water table lowering Reduction of water in streams and lakes Reduction of water in streams and lakes Deterioration of water quality Deterioration of water quality Increased pumping costs Increased pumping costs Land subsidence Land subsidence Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intrusion What Are Some Effects of Ground Water Depletion?

25. Example Of Ground Water Depletion In the Houston, Texas area extensive ground-water pumping to support economic and population growth has caused water-level declines of approximately 400 feet, resulting in extensive land-surface subsidence of up to 10 feet. In the Houston, Texas area extensive ground-water pumping to support economic and population growth has caused water-level declines of approximately 400 feet, resulting in extensive land-surface subsidence of up to 10 feet.

26. Reduction of Groundwater Pumping Improvements to irrigation technology. Improvements to irrigation technology. Controlling human development and Controlling human development and population growth. population growth. Shifting cropping patterns from water Shifting cropping patterns from water intensive vegetation. intensive vegetation. – Examples include: rice, alfalfa, and – Examples include: rice, alfalfa, and cotton. cotton.

27. Groundwater Pollution: Causes  Low flow rates  Few bacteria  Cold temperatures Coal strip mine runoff Pumping well Waste lagoon Accidental spills Groundwater flow Confined aquifer Discharge Leakage from faulty casing Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Gasoline station Buried gasoline and solvent tank Sewer Cesspool septic tank De-icing road salt Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Water pumping well Landfill  Low oxygen Fig. 22-9 p. 502

28. Groundwater Pollution >70,000 chemicals are used; effects of many are not known (synergism and antagonism?) >70,000 chemicals are used; effects of many are not known (synergism and antagonism?) Each year another 700-800 new chemicals are produced Each year another 700-800 new chemicals are produced 55 million tons of hazardous chemical wastes are produced in the US each year 55 million tons of hazardous chemical wastes are produced in the US each year The 20 most abundant compounds in groundwater at industrial waste disposal sites include TCE, benzene, vinyl chloride…all are carcinogens, and also affect liver, brain, and nervous system The 20 most abundant compounds in groundwater at industrial waste disposal sites include TCE, benzene, vinyl chloride…all are carcinogens, and also affect liver, brain, and nervous system

29. A Few Solutions to Groundwater Problems Improving irrigation efficiency. Improving irrigation efficiency. Household water efficiency. Household water efficiency. Reduction of groundwater pumping. Reduction of groundwater pumping. Desalination. Desalination. Restoration of flood plains. Restoration of flood plains.

30. Major Irrigation Systems

31. Improving irrigation efficiency Increase the use of drip irrigation. Increase the use of drip irrigation. Use center pivot low pressure sprinklers. Use center pivot low pressure sprinklers. Use time controlled irrigation valves. Use time controlled irrigation valves. Use soil moisture detectors. Use soil moisture detectors. Allow farmers to sell their water rights Allow farmers to sell their water rights

32. Desalinization Fresh Water From Salt Water

33. Desalination This can provide potable water to coastal This can provide potable water to coastal areas in arid climates such as Southern areas in arid climates such as Southern California and Florida. California and Florida. Drawbacks include: Drawbacks include: – Using large amounts of electricity. – Using large amounts of electricity. – Financially expensive. – Financially expensive. – The process produces large amounts of – The process produces large amounts of wastewater that can be toxic. wastewater that can be toxic.

34. Household Water Efficiency Landscaping using native or drought resistant vegetation. Landscaping using native or drought resistant vegetation. Fixing leaking faucets, toilets, or irrigation Fixing leaking faucets, toilets, or irrigation systems. systems. Replacing older less efficient toilets, showerheads, and washing machines with water conserving models. Replacing older less efficient toilets, showerheads, and washing machines with water conserving models. Collection of rain water for irrigation purposes Collection of rain water for irrigation purposes

35. Restoration of Historic Flood Plains Restore rivers and streams to their natural Restore rivers and streams to their natural flow patterns. flow patterns. Restricting urban growth in these flood Restricting urban growth in these flood plains will accomplish the following: plains will accomplish the following: – Provide urban park space. – Provide urban park space. – Increase groundwater recharge. – Increase groundwater recharge. – Restore soil fertility. – Restore soil fertility. – Restore habitat for a variety of animal – Restore habitat for a variety of animal species. species.

36. Is There Water Pollution Near US?

37. Types and Sources of Water Pollution 1. 1. disease-causing agents (pathogens) 2. 2. oxygen demanding 3. 3. water soluble inorganic chemicals 4. 4. inorganic plant nutrients 5. 5. organic chemicals 6. 6. sediment 7. 7. water-soluble radioactive isotopes 8. 8. heat 9. 9. genetic pollution

38. Coal Ash

39. Scale of Biologic Contaminant Problem Major cause of infant deaths in third world Major cause of infant deaths in third world Diarrhea kills 4-15 million children/year Diarrhea kills 4-15 million children/year Bacteria, viruses, parasites Bacteria, viruses, parasites

40. Mississippi River Basin Missouri River Ohio River Mississippi River LOUISIANA Mississippi River Depleted Oxygen Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia

41. Pollution of Lakes Eutrophication Fig. 22-7 p. 499

42. Case Study: The Great Lakes

43. Minamata Disease Minamata Disease Mercury Poisoning

44. Lead Poisoning Lead Poisoning

45. Sources of Water Pollution  Point Sources Non Point Sources

46. Point and Nonpoint Sources NONPOINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Fig. 22-4 p. 494

47. Love Canal Love Canal Landfill near Niagara Falls, NY Landfill near Niagara Falls, NY Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation put wastes in abandoned canal, covered it, deeded 16 acres to Niagara Falls Board of Education in 1953. Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation put wastes in abandoned canal, covered it, deeded 16 acres to Niagara Falls Board of Education in 1953. Elementary school built on site; houses built around school Elementary school built on site; houses built around school 1976—chemicals leaking into basements 1976—chemicals leaking into basements Environmental emergency declared in 1978 Environmental emergency declared in 1978 State and federal gov’ts bought >500 contaminated houses in 1980; 1989 people began to return State and federal gov’ts bought >500 contaminated houses in 1980; 1989 people began to return

48. Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution Nonpoint Sources Point Sources  Reduce runoff  Buffer zone vegetation  Reduce soil erosion  Clean Water Act  Water Quality Act

49. Monitoring water quality Number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria Number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria Measure biological oxygen demand (BOD) Measure biological oxygen demand (BOD) Chemical analysis Chemical analysis Indicator species Indicator species Genetic development of indicator organisms Genetic development of indicator organisms

50. Biological Oxygen Demand Curve (BOD) (BOD)

51. Using Macroinvertebrates to determine water quality

52. Guess Who!

53. Solutions Water Pollution Prevent groundwater contamination Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation Find substitutes for toxic pollutants Work with nature to treat sewage Practice four R's of resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse) Reduce resource waste Reduce air pollution Reduce poverty Reduce birth rates

54. Federal Water Legislation Federal Water and Pollution Control Act of 1956 Federal Water and Pollution Control Act of 1956 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958 consider wildlife in water projects National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 require environmental impact statements

55. Legislation, continued Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 --control of oil pollution; work to eliminate acid mine drainage, pollution of Great Lakes CLEAN WATER ACT OF 1972 CLEAN WATER ACT OF 1972 --billions of $ to clean up nation’s waters; modern sewage treatment plants—huge affect Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)---superfund!

56. More legislation Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to CERCLA of 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to CERCLA of 1984 --regulates underground storage tanks Water Quality Act of 1987 Water Quality Act of 1987 --national policy for controlling nonpoint sources of water pollution Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 --risk-based water quality standards, consumer awareness

57. Ocean Pollution Fig. 22-11 p. 504

58. Dumping wastes in the oceans Dumping wastes in the oceans Dumping industrial wastes off US coasts has stopped, but dredge products are legally dumped at 110 sites in Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Coasts Dumping industrial wastes off US coasts has stopped, but dredge products are legally dumped at 110 sites in Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Coasts US has banned dumping sewage sludge in ocean since 1992 US has banned dumping sewage sludge in ocean since 1992 50 countries rep ~80% of world’s shipping fleet have agreed not to dump sewage and garbage 50 countries rep ~80% of world’s shipping fleet have agreed not to dump sewage and garbage London Dumping Convention of 1972; 1994 London Dumping Convention of 1972; 1994

59. Oil Spills  Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks  Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering  Significant economic impacts  Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters  Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

60. Exxon Valdez 1989; contaminated about 1500 km of coastline; Prince William Sound 1989; contaminated about 1500 km of coastline; Prince William Sound $8 billion cost to Exxon $8 billion cost to Exxon 2006—17 years later, still toxic patches of oil along some parts of shoreline 2006—17 years later, still toxic patches of oil along some parts of shoreline Still—largest source of oil pollution is runoff from land! Still—largest source of oil pollution is runoff from land!

61. Technological Approach: Septic Systems  Require suitable soils and maintenance Fig. 22-15 p. 510

62. Sewage Treatment  Physical and biological treatment

63. Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage Treatment  Uses physical and chemical processes  Removes nitrate and phosphate  Expensive  Not widely used

64. Virtues of Wetlands Home to wildlife and flora Home to wildlife and flora Flood protection Flood protection Cycling and storage of chemical and biological substances Cycling and storage of chemical and biological substances Found at heads of rivers Found at heads of rivers Remove toxins from sewage Remove toxins from sewage

65. Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage Fig. 22-18 p. 513

66. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands  Regulations  Mitigation banking  Wetlands protection  Wetlands restoration  Control of invasive species

67. Prevention Cleanup Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by maritime and cruise ships in coastal waters Reduce input of toxic pollutants Separate sewage and storm lines Regulate coastal development Recycle used oil Require double hulls for oil tankers Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other methods to treat sewage Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without creating harmful byproducts (still under development) Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities Solutions Coastal Water Pollution