1. DEF: goal-directed behavior
MOTIVATION
DEF: goal-directed behavior

2. HUNGER---BRAIN REGULATION
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) triggers when to start eating
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) triggers when to stop
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) uses neurotransmitters to regulate hunger

3. GLUCOSE REGULATION
Glucose is a simple sugar; an important source of energy
Glucostatic theory: fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored by glucostats: neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid
Glucostats in the liver signal hypothalamus through the vagus nerve

4. DIGESTIVE REGULATION
The stomach has 2 types of signal to inhibit further eating:
1) vagus nerve monitors stretching of stomach wall
2) other nerves monitor nutrients in the contents of the stomach

5. HORMONAL REGULATION
Insulin: secreted by the pancreas; must be present for cells to extract glucose from the blood
Leptin: produced by fat cells; provide hypothalamus w/info about body’s fat stores

6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN REGULATION OF HUNGER
Learned preferences and habits
Food related cues
Stress, arousal

7. EATING AND WEIGHT: ROOTS OF OBESITY
Obesity: the condition of being overweight (exceeding ideal weight by 20%)
Health risks: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, arthritis, and back problems

8. GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO OBESITY
Adoption studies
Body mass index (BMI): weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared
kg/m2
Genetic factors account for 61% of variation in weight for men and 73% for women

9. CONCEPT OF A SET POINT
Set point: natural point of stability in body weight
Set point theory: body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them fairly stable

10. Sexual motivation and behavior

11. HORMONAL REGULATION Estrogens: principal gonadal hormones in females
Androgens: principal gonadal hormones in males
Increased levels of testosterone correlate w/higher rates of sexual activity

12. PHEROMONES
DEF: a chemical secreted by one animal that affects the behavior of another
Aphrodisiacs: substances thought to increase sexual desire
There is no “Spanish Fly”

13. EROTIC MATERIALS
Pornography does not appear to incite overpowering sexual urges
May alter attitudes toward sexual behavior
May create unrealistic expectations

14. ATTRACTION TO A PARTNER
Coolidge Effect: the preference for variety in sexual partners seen in males of many species
Most species are selective

15. EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Parental investment theory: the sex that makes the smaller investment will compete for mating opportunities with the sex that makes the larger investment, and the sex with the larger investment will tend to be more discriminating in selecting its partners

16. EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES
Human males are required to invest little
Females invest 9 months
Therefore females are selective with mates

17. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Men think about sex more often
Men more motivated to have sex w/a variety
Men more likely to have sex w/someone they have known for a short period of time

18. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MATE PREFERENCES
Males place more emphasis on youthfulness and attractiveness
Females place more emphasis on intelligence, ambition, income, and social status

19. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RELATIONSHIP JEALOUSY
Males of many species worry about paternity uncertainty
Males will guard the female from other males
Sexual infidelity is threatening
Male emotional infidelity is threatening to females

20. MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
DEF: a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual

21. SEXUAL ORIENTATION CONTINUED
Alfred Kinsey (1948, 1953) described sexuality as a continuum---heterosexuality on one end, homosexuality on the other
10% of the population could be characterized as homosexual

22. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES
Freudian: homosexuality stems from being raised by an ineffectual father and overprotective mother
Behaviorist: acquired through experience
Feminine boys and masculine girls tend to grow up homosexual

23. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Research in the last 15 years has shown a biological basis for homosexuality
Possible brain structure

24. INTERACTIONIST VIEW AND SOCIOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS
Genes and hormones shape temperament that ultimately shapes sexual orientation
Interactions w/peers solidifies arousal for same sex
Gays are still discriminated against

25. HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
The birds and the bees

26. EXCITEMENT PHASE
Muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase rapidly
Vasocongestion: engorgement of the blood vessels

27. PLATEAU PHASE
Physiological arousal continues to grow, but at a slower pace
Further vasocongestion

28. ORGASM PHASE
Orgasm: when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area
There are gender differences but they are extremely similar in both sexes

29. RESOLUTION PHASE
Refractory period: a time following orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
From a few minutes to hours---increases w/age