1. Sect. 2-1 Frequency Distributions and Their graphs
Objective SWBAT construct a frequency distribution including limits ,boundaries , midpoints, relative frequencies, and cumulative frequencies
Also how to construct frequency histograms, frequency polygons, , relative frequency histograms, and ogives.

2. Frequency Distribution
Definition
A frequency distribution is a table that shows classes or intervals of data entries with a count of the number of entries in each class. The frequency f of a class is the number of data entries in the class.

3. Example of a frequency Distribution
Class
Frequency
1- 5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21- 25
26-30 5 6 8 4

4. Guidelines Constructing a Frequency Distribution from a Data Set
Decide on the number of classes to include in the frequency Distribution. The number of classes should be between five and twenty; otherwise it may be difficult to detect any patterns.
2. Find the class width as follows . Determine the range of the data . Divide the range by the number of classes, and round up to the next convenient number.
3. Find the class limits. You can use the minimum data entry as the lower limit of the first class. To find the remaining lower limits, add the class width to the lower limit of the preceding class. Then find the upper limit of the first class. Remember that classes can not overlap. Find the remaining upper class limits.
4. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of the appropriate class.
5. Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f for each class.

5. Example Constructing a frequency distribution chart from a Data Set
The following sample data set lists the number of minutes 50 Internet subscribers spent on the Internet during their most recent session. Construct a frequency chart that has 7 classes.
Lower Limit
Upper Limit 7 19 31 43 55 67 79 18 30 42 54 66 78 90

6. Solution The number4 of classes (7) is stated in the problem.
The minimum data entry is 7 and the maximum is 88 so the range is 81.
Class
Tally
Frequency
7-18
19-30
31-42
43-54
55-66
67-78
79-90 6 10 13 8 5 2
∑ f = 50
range
No. of classes
Round up to 12

7. Try it Yourself
Construct a frequency distribution using the ages of the residents of Akhiok given in the opening on page 30.
Use six classes.
a. State the number of classes
b. Find the minimum and maximum values and the class width
Find the class limits.
Tally the data entries
e. Write the fr4equency for each class.

8. Definition
The midpoint of a class is the sum of the lower and upper limit of the class divided by 2 . The midpoint is sometimes called the class mark.
Midoint =
The relative frequency of a class is the portion or percent of the data that falls in that class. To find the relative frequency of a class , divide the frequency f by the sample size n.
Relative frequency =
The cumulative frequency is the sum of the frequency for that class and all previous classes. The cumulative frequency for the last class is equal to the sample size n.
Lower class limit + Upper class limit 2
Class frequency
Sample size

9. Example
Midpoints, Relative and Cumulative frequencies Using the frequency distribution constructed in example 1, find the midpoint , relative frequency, and cumulative frequency for each class. Identify any patterns. SOLUTION The midpoint , relative, and cumulative frequency for the first three classes are calculated as follows. Relative Cumulative Class f Midpoint frequency frequency 7 – ∕ 2 = / 50 = / 2 = /50 = = – / 2 = /50 = = 29

10. Frequency Distribution for Internet usage (in minutes)
Class
Frequency f
Midpoint
Relative
Cumulative
7- 18
19-30
31-42
43- 54
55- 66
67-78
79- 90 6 10 13 8 5 2
12.5
24.5
36.5
48.5
60.5
72.5
84.5
0.12
0.2
0.26
0.16
0.1
0.04 16 29 37 42 48 50
∑ f = 50
∑ f = 1 n
There are several patterns in the data set. For instance, the most common time span that users spent online was 31 to 42 minutes.

11. Try it Yourself 2
Using the frequency distribution constructed in try it Yourself1, find the midpoint, relative frequency, and cumulative frequency for each class. Identify any patterns.
Use the formulas to find each midpoint, relative frequency, and cumulative frequency..
b. Organize your results in a frequency distribution.
c. Identify patterns that emerge from the data.

12. Graphs of frequency Distributions
Definition
A frequency histogram is a bar graph that represents the frequency distribution of a data set. A histogram has the following properties.
1. The horizontal scale is quantitative and measures the data values.
2. The vertical scale measures the frequencies of the classes.
3. Consecutive bars must touch.

13. Example : Constructing a frequency Histogram

14. Example 3 Constructing a frequency Histogram
Class
Class Boundaries
Frequency f
7- 18
19 – 30
43 – 54
67 – 78
6.5 – 18.5 6 10 13 8 5 2
Draw a histogram for the frequency Distribution in Example 2 describe any patterns.
The boundaries of the remaining classes are shown in the table at the left.
First find the class boundaries. The distance from the upper limit of the first class to the lower limit of the second class is = 1. half this distance is 0.5. So the lower and upper boundaries of the first class are as follows.
First Class boundary = = 6.5
First class upper boundary = = 18.5

15. Try it yourself
Use the frequency distribution form try it yourself 1 to construct a frequency histogram that represents the ages of the residents of Akhiok. Describe any patterns.
Find the class boundaries
Choose the appropriate horizontal and vertical axes.
Use the frequency distribution to find the height of each bar.
Describe any patterns for the data.

16. Example 4 Constructing a frequency Polygon
To construct a frequency polygon use the same horizontal and vertical scales that were used in the histogram labeled with class midpoints in example 3. Then plot the points that represent the midpoint and frequency of each class and connect the points in order from left to right. Because the graph should begin and end on the horizontal axis, extend the left side to one class width before the first class midpoint and extend the right side to one class width after the last class midpoint. You can see that the frequency of subscribers increase up to 36.5 minutes and then decreases.

18. Try it yourself
Construct a frequency polygon that represents the ages of the residents of Akhiok. Describe any patterns
Choose the appropriate horizontal and vertical scales
Plot points that represent the midpoint and frequency for each class.
Connect the points and extend the sides as necessary.
Describe any patterns fore the data.

19. Example 5 Constructing a relative frequency Histogram
Draw a relative frequency histogram for the frequency distribution in example 2. Solution : The relative frequency histogram is shown. Notice that the shape of the histogram is the same as the frequency histogram constructed in example 3.

21. Try it Yourself
Construct a relative frequency Histogram that represents the ages of the residents of Akhiok.
Use the same horizontal scale as used in the frequency histogram.
Revise the vertical scale to reflect relative frequencies.
Use the relative frequencies to find the height of each bar.

22. Definition
A cumulative frequency graph or ogive is a line graph that displays the cumulative frequency of each class at its upper class boundary.. The upper boundaries are marked on the horizontal axis and the cumulative frequencies are marked on the vertical axis.

23. GUIDELINES
Constructing an OGIVE (cumulative frequency Graph)
Construct a frequency Distribution that includes cumulative frequencies as one of its columns.
Specify the horizontal and vertical scales. The horizontal consists of upper class boundaries and the vertical scale measures cumulative frequencies.
3. Plot points that represents the upper class boundaries and their corresponding fre3quencies.
Connect the points in order from left to right.
5. The graph should start at the lower boundary of the first class (cumulative frequency is zero) and should end at the upper boundary of the last class (cumulative frequency is equal to the sample size).

24. Example 6; Constructing an Ogive

25. Constructing an Ogive
Draw an Ogive for the frequency distribution in example 2. Estimate how many subscribers spent less than 60 minutes during their last session. Also use the graph to estimate when the greatest increase in usage occurs.
Using the frequency distribution you can construct the ogive shown . The upper class boundaries, frequencies, and the cumulative frequencies are listed in the table. Notice that the graph starts at 6.5 where the cumulative frequency is zero and the grasph ends at where the cumulative frequency is 50.
From the ogive you can see that subscribers spent less than 60 minutes online during their last session.
Upper Class Boundaries f
Cumulative
Frequencies
18.5
30.5
42.5
54.5
66.5
78.5
90.5 6 10 13 8 5 2 16 29 37 42 48 50

26. Try it yourself
Construct an ogive that represents the ages of the residents of Akhiok. Estimate the number of residents who are less than 45 years old. a. Specify the horizontal and vertical scales. b. Plot the points given by the upper class boundaries and the cumulative frequencies. c. Construct the graph. d. Estimate the number of residents who are less than 45 years old.

27. Example 7: Using technology to construct Histograms
Use a calculator to construct a Histogram for the frequency distribution in Example 2.
Solution : Excel and TI – 83 have features for graphing histograms..

28. Homework 1-8, 9-31odd, ex.cr. 33 Pgs.41-45