1. AKST ACHIEVEMENTS, LIMITS AND CHALLENGES IN THE CWANA REGION Presentation is based on IAASTD: Historical and current perspectives of AKST in CWANA K. Latiri, A. Gana, K. Shideed, J. Albergel, S. Grando, Y. Kaya, F. Panhwar, M. Qadir, A.Tan, S.Tozanli

2. OUTLINE: CWANA region  The CWANA region  Agricultural Production during the last 50 years and AKST achievements  Consequences on NR  Social challenges in the CWANA region  AKST, Research challenges and priorities

3. The CWANA region Total area : 14% (18.5 M km²) Population: 10% Water resources : 2% PP oorest region in the world in terms of water resources, globally and per inhabitant. Most countries are subject to drought Water scarcity is expected to intensify due to climate change.

4. Drought risk in the CWANA  Agricultural production takes place in a difficult context: Rainfall is low, Rainfall is low, Rainfed agriculture is subject to high drought risk Rainfed agriculture is subject to high drought risk Renewable water resources are reduced and Renewable water resources are reduced and Irrigated production is limited because of the limited water resources Irrigated production is limited because of the limited water resources National Rainfall indices Potential drought risk for rainfed agriculture Source: FAO database, Pardey et al (2006)

5. Land use in CWANA Mha% Agricultural land 992 Permanent Pasture 81982.6 ArableLand159 16.0 16.0 Irrigated area 636.3 Permanent Crops 141.4 Highest value agricultural production Share of irrigated land in arable land Source: FAO database

6. Agricultural production and Yield Agricultural production and Yield

7. Food production per capita  Food production per capita  Food production per capita didn’t increase: Expanding agricultural production failed to keep pace with the rapid growth in demand and self-sufficiency ratios declined. This trend is expected to continue. Source: FAO database Grain production per capita (1961-2005)

8. Food consumption   Significant progress was made in raising the per capita daily food consumption in kcalories per person since the 1960s.   Average daily food intake dominated by cereals, with animal products far behind world averages. Source: FAO database Composition of per capita daily food intake (1960-2005)

9. Poverty, Hunger and malnutrition Progress do not reflect the uneven food distribution among the socioeconomic classes and poor rural areas: Less than 10 percent of the population is declared undernourished. In some countries, level can be much higher (Pakistan, 38%, Afghanistan, 39%, Yemen,45%, ….). Source: World bank, An online Atlas of the MDG

10. Agricultural trade balance   Agricultural production is insufficient to fulfill the needs of its large population; imports are high, and deficit in agricultural trade balance is increasing. In Calories % (Export-Import)/consumption Source: FAO database Food deficit per country In Dollars (Export-Import) Agricultural Exports and Imports for CWANA sub-regions, 2002-2004

11. In which conditions and at which cost?

12. Reduction in Water resources

13. Soil constaints and severity of human-induced Land degradation in CWANA   (Terrastat, FAO database, 2006 ). Cause: Agriculture; Overgrazing; Deforestation; Over exploitation of vegetation

14. Agrobiodiversity and endangered species Modified from http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/tables

15. Social Sustainability Challenges

16. Major changes in Policies   Reduction of public investments and support mechanisms   Markets privatization, trade liberalization: affect negatively farmers, limited access to global markets, dumping of cheap products   In some countries conflicts, political instability and poor governance have hampered agricultural development

17. Farm structure   Two major trends for farmland: Concentrated in the hands of a minority of farmers, as a result of recent processes of privatization and liberalization; Fragmented, mostly because of inheritance and demographic growth, leading to reduced economic viability of family farms and unsound land management

18. AKST in CWANA

19.   Development of AKST : uneven and very different from one country to another.   NARs and international institutions are the main contributors , oriented to crop-improvement research, mainly dealing with export crops in irrigated areas  Private sector contribution is still limited, oriented to crop-improvement research, mainly dealing with export crops in irrigated areas

20. AKST in CWANA   In MENA region compared to other parts of the world: 6% of the public R (1,382 M 2000 int US$/ 23,000 ), 3.8% of the public+private   In Science and Technology 2 % : (14893 M 2000 int US$) Source Pardey et al (2006) Source USDA (2003) as % of GDP Investment in Agricultural RD as % of world investment

21. AKST and farmers Most agricultural research in the CWANA region has been carried out in a top- down approach.Most agricultural research in the CWANA region has been carried out in a top- down approach. With few exceptions, farmers associations have remained very weak because of insufficient public policies. Strong farmer associations will likely promote the participation of farmers in technology development, transfer and adoption.With few exceptions, farmers associations have remained very weak because of insufficient public policies. Strong farmer associations will likely promote the participation of farmers in technology development, transfer and adoption.

22. Traditional Knowledge  Traditional knowledge on water harvesting, cultural practices and animal breeding.  Initiatives developed to recognize, validate and maintain traditional knowledge.  Complete coverage is still lacking and there AKST could benefit from projects that encourage its retention.

23. Priorities for agricultural research

24. Improve income generation and food security, reducing malnutrition:   Agricultural extension that respond to market and farmers’ needs,   Empowering farmers via participatory action research and farmer to farmer exchange,   Technology options drawing on local knowledge,   Gender dimension of farm livelihoods,   Improved vertical integration from producer to consumer

25. Priorities for agricultural research Increase land and water use efficiency, the productivity of livestock and preserve the environment Drought tolerance is complex..., Advances in genomics and sequencing have potential to pin-point genes involved in targeted processes Better phenotyping tools/strategies needed to select most desirable genotypes Need to consider more species and to diversify farming systems in order to reduce risk -

26. Priorities for agricultural research Agricultural research should also concentrate on policies :   International trade issues affect severely farmers in CWANA Limited acces to goblal markets, dumping of cheap products) Constraints to market access by small farmers   Identifying marketing niches for value added farm products and community based innovations Policies for sustainable development Preserving natural resources Policies to increase RD

27. AKST challenges The CWANA region is facing problems that make it necessary to increase the effort toward agricultural research AKST should now address a more comprehensive picture of the situation in terms of the environment, sustainability, male and female farmers of all economic levels and the challenges posed by the changing climate. All avenues of innovation and information are needed to create new approaches, methods, and techniques in the agricultural sphere.

28. References  R. E. Evenson, et al.Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000 Science 300, 758 (2003)   FAO statistical database   Pardey P.G., N. Beintema, S. Dehmer, S. Wood (2006) Agricultural research, a growing global divide?   Rajaram S.R., H.J.R. Braun -and M.R. van Ginkel (1996) CIMMYT’s approach to bredd for drought tolerance Euphytica 92 (1-2): 147-153   USDA (2003) 21st century agriculture, a critical role for science and technology   World Bank An Online Atlas of the Millennium Development Goals