1. Algorithms and Computing Lecture 3 Control Statements By Dr. M. Tahir Khaleeq

2. 2 Topics Control Flow Statements The for Statement The while Statement The do while Statement The if Statement The if else Statement The else if Statement The break Statement The continue Statement The goto Statement The switch Statement

3. 3 Control flow statements The logic of solving a problem forces the execution of program statements in a specific order, function of the state of the solving process. The control flow statements and expressions serve this purpose. –Loop statements: for, while, do –Conditional statements: if, if-else –Selection statements: switch –Unconditional jump statement: goto –Conditional expressions

4. 4 The general form of a for statement is: for(expr1;expr2;expr3)statement; The for statement 1/2 Initialize Test Increment Body of the Loop Ex. N = 0 N <= 10 N++ printf(“ N = %d”,N) for(N = 0; N<=10; N++) printf(“ %d”, N); No semi-colon (;) Output: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5. 5 The for statement may be used as: N=0; for( ; N<=10 ; ) { printf(“ %d”, N); N++; } The for statement 2/2 Initialize Test Increment semi-colons (;) are necessary Put braces if more than one statements in the for loop

6. 6 Logic flow of a for statement: for(expr1;expr2;expr3)statement; next statement statement expr2 next statement expr1 expr3 00 0 Operation of the for Loop

7. 7 Find even and odd numbers between 1 to 20 #include void main(void){ int X,Y; for(X=0;X<=2;X++){ printf(“\n”); for(Y=X;Y<=20;Y+=2) printf("%d",Y); } Using for Output 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

8. 8 Implements the repetition in an algorithm Repeatedly executes a block of statements Tests a condition (Boolean expression) at the start of each iteration Terminates when condition becomes false (zero) The while statement 1/4

9. 9 The general form of a while statement is: while(expression) statement; Test Body of the Loop Ex. getche() == ‘a’ printf(“This character is a”) while(getche() == ‘a’) printf(“This character is a”) No semi-colon (;) The while statement 2/4

10. 10 The while statement may be used as: N=0; while(N<=10) { printf(“ %d”, N); N++; } The while statement 3/4 Initialize Test Increment No semi-colons (;) Put braces if more than one statements in the while loop

11. 11 Common Mistakes in while is extra semi-colon. N=0; while(N<=10); { printf(“ %d”, N); N++; } The while statement 4/4 Semi-colon marks the end of the while-block -- usual cause of infinite loops

12. 12 Logic flow of a while statement: while(expression) statement; next statement Operation of the while Loop statement expression 00 next statement 0

13. 13 Count characters in a pharase typed in #include void main(void){ int count=0; printf(”Type a character:”); while(getche() != ‘\r’); count++;} printf(”\n character count is: %d",count); } Using while Output arthdfi character count is: 7 Press Enter

14. 14 The general form of a for statement is: for(expr1;expr2;expr3)statement; next statement The while statement: expr1; while(expr2){ statement expr3; } next statement Structure of The for and The while statements statement expr2 next statement expr1 expr3 00 0

15. 15 The general form of a do statement is: do statement while(expression); Test Body of the Loop Ex. printf(“N = %d”, N) N <= 10 N++ do { printf(“N = %d”, N); N++; } while(N<=10); No semi-colon (;) The do while statement 1/3

16. 16 The do while statement may be used as: N=0; do { printf(“ %d”, N); N++; } while(N<=10); The do while statement 2/3 Initialize Test Increment No semi-colons (;) Put braces if more than one statements in the do while loop semi-colon (;)

17. 17 The do while statement 3/3 Increment The do while statement may be used as: N=0; do { printf(“ %d”, N); N++; } while(N<=10); IMPORTANT!! The increment is performed AFTER the body of the loop

18. 18 The general form of a do statement is: do statement while(expression); next statement Operation of the do while Loop statement expression 00 next statement 0

19. 19 Determines whether a block is executed. Implements the selection instructions within an algorithm. Decides what to do by evaluating a Boolean expression. If the expression is true (non-zero), the block is executed. The if statement 1/5

20. 20 The general form of an if statement is: if (expression) statement; next statement If the expression evaluates to a nonzero value the statement is executed and then the control passes to the next statement. If the expression evaluates to a zero value the statement is skipped and the control passes directly to the next statement. The if statement 2/5

21. 21 Common mistake if (number % 2 != 0); { printf("%d is an odd ", number); } printf("number\n"); The if statement 3/5 Do not put semicolon here!

22. 22 Common mistake if (number % 2 = 0) { printf("%d is an odd ", number); } printf("number\n"); The if statement 4/5 Should be ==

23. 23 Common mistake if (number % 2 == 0) { printf("%d is an odd ", number); } printf("number\n"); The if statement 5/5 Do not put “then” here!

24. 24 /* Read in a number, and echo it if it is odd. */ #include void main() { int number; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d", &number); if (number % 2 != 0) { printf("%d\n", number); } Example

25. 25 Which of the following code fragments are equivalent? if (number % 2 != 0) { printf("%d", number); } printf(” is odd\n"); if (number % 2 != 0) printf("%d", number); printf(” is odd\n"); if (number % 2 != 0) { printf("%d", number); printf(” is odd\n"); } A B C Exercise 1/2

26. 26 A and B are equivalent? if (number % 2 != 0) { printf("%d", number); } printf(” is odd\n"); if (number % 2 != 0) printf("%d", number); printf(” is odd\n"); if (number % 2 != 0) { printf("%d", number); printf(” is odd\n"); } A B C Exercise 2/2

27. If-else statement The general form of an if-else statement is: if (expression) statement1; else statement2; next statement If the expression evaluates to a nonzero value the statement1 is executed and then the control passes to the next statement. If the expression evaluates to a zero value the statement1 is skipped, statement2 is executed and then the control passes to the next statement.

28. If there are several successive if statements followed by an else part then the else part is paired with the closest if statement. if (expression 1 ) statement 1 ; if (expression 2 ) statement 2 ;... if (expression n ) statement n ; else statement n+1 ; Dangling else problem No semicolons here!

29. 29 /* Determine whether an input number is odd or even. */ #include main() { int number; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d", &number); if (number % 2 != 0) { printf("%d is an odd number\n", number); } else { printf("%d is an even number\n", number); } Example: if else

30. Find the minimum number out of three given integers X,Y and Z. #include void main(void){ int X,Y,Z,min; scanf("%d%d%d",&X,&Y,&Z); if(X < Y && X < Z) min=X; else if(Y < X && Y < Z) min=Y else min=Z; printf("min=%d\n",min); } Using else if Nested if-else

31. 31 if (ch >= ’a’ && ch <= ’z’) { printf(“%c is in lower case.\n”, ch); } else if (ch >= ’A’ && ch <= ’Z’) { printf(“%c is in upper case.\n”. ch); } else if (ch >= ’0’ && ch <= ’9’) { printf(“%c is a digit with value %d.\n”, ch, ch - ’0’); } Example: else if

32. 32 Multiple alternative blocks each with a Boolean expression. First expression which evaluates to true causes execution of the associated block. Only at most one block will be executed. Nested if statement

33. The execution of a cycle statement (while, do, for) can be terminated unconditionally using the statement break Break terminates the innermost cycle that contains it and the control passes to the statement following the cycle. while(expr1){ statements1 if(expr2)break; statements2 } next statement The break statement expr2  0

34. Read floating-point numbers from standard input: –For each number X > 0 compute log 10 (X) –Terminate the program when X <= 0. #include void main(void){ double X; while(1){ printf(”Enter a number"); scanf("%f",&X); if(X <= 0) break; printf("log10(%f)=%f\n",X,log10(X)); } Using break Exit the cycle “while (True)” infinite loop

35. The execution of a cycle statement (while, do, for) can be continued skipping part of the cycle body using the statement continue The following sequences are equivalent. The continue statement while(expr1){ statements1 if(expr2)continue; statements2 } next statement while(expr1){ statements1 if(expr2==0){ statements2 } next statement

36. Print all numbers from 1 to 10 except 5. #include void main(void){ int X; while(x =1; x <= 10; x++){ if(X == 5) continue; printf("%d",x); } Using continue Continue cycle without printing 5

37. The goto statement The format of the goto statement is goto label where label is an identifier. The goto statement performs an unconditional jump to a labeled statement. The program continues from that statement. A labeled statement has the form: label: statement The goto statement is useful for exiting at once several nested control statements (while, do, case, if) or when it is necessary to continue processing from a "remote" part of the currently executing function.

38. The goto statement is considered harmful according to the standards of modern programming methodology. If used carelessly it can undermine the clear program structure provided by other structured control-flow statements. The goto statement must be used only when other control statements would lead to a complex program structure. Warning

39. 39 The switch Statement 1/2 The switch statement is similar to the else-if construct. If break statement is not used following a case, control will fall through to the next case. Switch variable is integer or character variable or expression. Floating point number is not used.

40. 40 Structure of the switch statement: switch(op) { case ‘a’: statement; break; default: statement; } Integer or character variable or expression Integer or character constant Statements are executed if switch variable op = ‘a’ Statements are executed if no other case applies The switch Statement 2/2

41. 41 switch(op) { case ‘+’: printf(“%f”, N1+N2); break; case ‘-’: printf(“%f”, N1-N2); break; default: printf(“ neither + nor - operator”) ; } Example: switch statement

42. #include void main() { float mark; printf("What is your mark? "); scanf("%f", &mark); if (mark < 50) { printf("Sorry. You failed.\n"); } else { printf("Yey! You passed!\n"); } Complete Example Declares that mark is a variable which can contain a floating point number Outputs a “prompt” so the user knows what the program wants. Inputs the floating point content of the variable mark. (Note: ampersand!) This block of instructions is performed if the comparison is true. This block of instructions is performed if the comparison is false.