1. Our “Sphere of Influence”

2. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

3. The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan & even Wm. Randolph Hearst among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

4. Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903)  Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.  The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.  Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.  Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt

5. DILEMMA-Did U. S. citizenship follow the flag? DILEMMA-Did U. S. citizenship follow the flag?

6. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico

7. Puerto Rico: 1898  Foraker Act. 1900  Foraker Act.  Puerto Rico became an “unincorporated territory.”  Citizens of PR, not of the US.  Import duties on PR goods 1901-1903  the Insular Cases.  Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.  Congress had the power to decide these rights.  Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

8. Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act.  Gave full territorial status to Puerto Rico. (PRs citizens)  Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.  PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.  PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections.  A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

9. America as a Pacific Power

11. British victory in the 1 st Opium War 1842 resulted in the Treaty of Nanking (gave them HK & ports). The U.S. was afraid that it would be denied access to Chinese markets. Pres. Tyler sends Rep. Cushing.

12. Mass. Representative Caleb Cushing is appointed as ambassador to China, where he negotiates the first treaty between the two countries: The Treaty of Wanghia, or Wang Hiya 1844. Its provisions: –Extraterritoriality –Fixed tariffs in treaty ports –Right to buy land in 5 treaty ports –Right to learn Chinese –MFN status In return, the U.S. declared the opium trade illegal.

13. Following this new era of relations, missionaries from Britain & the U.S. responding to the 2 nd Great Awakening, left for China, including J. Hudson Taylor (left), considered one of the most significant figures in 19 th century China. Resentment over foreign incursions into the city of Peking, Britain’s legalizing the opium trade (settlement from 2 nd Opium War 1860) and cultural changes builds over the last half of the 19 th century, giving rise to the “Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists”, aka the “Boxers.”

14. While European powers were becoming increasingly imperialistic in China, the U.S. worked to establish stronger ties with the Qing Dynasty. Pres. Lincoln appointed Rep. Anson Burlingame (left) as ambassador to China. In 1868, The Burlingame Treaty was signed. –It espoused the idea the China have eminent domain over ALL of its territory. –It gave China MFN status with the US –It mutually promised civil and human rights to both Chinese and American citizens in each others respective countries. While work was plentiful (railroads & mining) the Chinese were tolerated, but after the Depression of 1873, animosity and poor treatment followed, leading to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

15. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

16. Nationalistic resentment boiled over in 1899, when the “Boxers” revolted for many reasons: –Lack of control over their own economic development and imperial demands –Being forced to import opium and the growing problem with addition. –Peasant reforms moving slowly –Foreigners importing new customs and beliefs –Foreign built railroads violating feng shui –Even poor treatment of Chinese in other countries The Boxers attacked Chinese and foreign Christians mercilessly killing over 200 An eight-nation coalition crushed the rebellion.

17. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 Righteous and Harmonious Fists. BAM! Aka the “55 Days at Peking.”

18. European nations began to carve up China, without the inclusion of the US. Sec. State under McKinley, John Hay, sent diplomatic letters to each of the nations, called the “Open Door Notes” asking that each: –Respect the territorial integrity of China –Maintain free access to ports Most nations treated the “note” dismissively, though did not challenge it, except Russia, who wanted territory in Manchuria.

19. The Open Door Policy Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

20. The Open Door Policy

21. Japan

22. Feudal Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa Iesada (1853- 58) Feudal Japan had remained closed to all but the Dutch for hundreds of years. Not only did feudal Japan violently protect its isolation from an international presence, but it even refused the re-entry of its own sailors who had had contact with foreigners due to shipwreck. This fanatical cultural protectiveness prompted Pres. Millard Fillmore to send a powerful message in 1852.

23. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853-4 Japanese drawing of the “Black Ships” Perry arrived in Tokyo harbor and threatened force if denied entry. He presents the representatives with terms of a prospective treaty, promises to return within a year, and withdraws. The next year, true to his word, he returns and is presented with the terms of the Treaty of Kanagawa, which meets almost all of his original demands.

24. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853-4 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

25. Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

26. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853-4 The treaty began a period of increased power of the merchant and artisan classes in Japanese feudal society and sparked a period of openness (cf. 1860 photo of Japanese embassy to the US). Coupled with the crippling effects of natural disasters on the peasant farmers, the political and social effects were culminated in the Meiji Restoration of 1867.

27. Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

28. Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S. Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools. 1908  Root-Takahira Agreement.

29. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.

30. American Intervention U.S. Intervention in Latin America at the turn of the century:  1902-03 Venezuelan debt crisis (Roosevelt)  1903 Panamanian Revolution (Roosevelt)  1903-24 Dominican Republic  1903-25 Honduras  1906 Cuban Occupation (Roosevelt/Taft)  1909 Nicaraguan incursion for “Dollar Diplomacy” (Taft)  1914 Mexico  1915-34 Haiti  1916 Dominican Republic debt crisis (Wilson)  From the Spanish-American War to 1934 and FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy with Latin America, the U.S. military intervened often in what has often been referred to as “The Banana Wars”

31. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

32. American Intervention

33. “Big Stick” Diplomacy “Big Stick” Diplomacy

34. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Prompted by Venezuela 1901 & Santo Domingo 1903 TR issues his Corollary: Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.

35. Constable of the World

36. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick! 1901-1909

37. Panama

38. Panama: The King’s Crown 1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. Dr. Walter Reed – yellow fever in 1900 1901  Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur. 1903  Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty. Col. G. W. Goethals – engineer & Gaillard Cut

39. Panama Canal

40. T. Roosevelt in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

41. Cuba 1906-09 Tomas Estrada Palma, pres. of Cuba 1902-06 The collapse of the 1 st Cuban presidency prompts Roosevelt to intervene. Protecting US business interests Preserving stability in accordance with the Platt Amendment. William Howard Taft is appointed provisional governor until peace restored and new president elected.

42. Dollar Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy

43. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” In his farewell address to congress in 1912, Taft defines D.D. as… “ The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse. This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims.”

44. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” 1909-13 1909-13 By 1910, U.S. exporting more manufactured goods than raw materials. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. “True stability is best established not by military, but by economic and social forces.” Philander Knox, Sec. of State

45. Manchuria

46. S. Manchuria Railway Co. Created as a result of Treaty of Portsmouth Operated by Japanese! TR had seen Japan as… 1. Greatest power in Far East 2. Preventer of Russian expansion 3. Significant threat to U.S. Thus, TR tried to appease Taft saw China as future & suggested joint U.S., European & Japanese loan to help China buy back railroads in Manchuria. Effect was to drive Russia & Japan together to preserve status quo in Manchuria.

47. Nicaragua

48. NicaraguaNicaragua Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 British possessions in W. Caribbean (i.e. Mosquito Coast, et al.) prompts opposition to US controlled canal Treaty signed, but never adhered to due to disagreements on wording 4 Agreements of Treaty 1. No exclusivity to canal 2. Neutralization of canal 3. Protection of other means of communication across isthmus 4. No occupation, fortification, colonization or dominion to be exercised over any other part of C.A.

49. NicaraguaNicaragua Vanderbilt negotiates a deal with Nicaraguan gov’t in 1849 Vanderbilt’s company, Accessory Transit Company (ATC), would have 12 years to complete canal Grenada-Leon Civil War from 1854 to 1856 halts progress Liberal Léonian presidential candidate, Francisco Castellón, invites William Walker to help steal election from Grenadan, Fruto Chamorro, the rightful winner Cornelius Vanderbilt

50. NicaraguaNicaragua Walker is assisted by Vanderbilt in hopes that he will end civil war and stabilize country so canal construction can continue Two of Vanderbilt’s associates prompt Walker to seize ATC holdings Walker seizes power for himself and is elected president of Nicaragua in a farcical election US initially recognizes legitimacy of Walker (1856-57) regime only to pull support under pressure from Vanderbilt Vanderbilt backs Cent. American coalition against Walker, who surrenders under pressure and is ultimately executed in Honduras in 1860 William Walker

51. NicaraguaNicaragua U.S. backs out of Nicaraguan canal venture after Bunau-Varilla convinces them of seismic threat. Nicaraguan Pres. Zelaya courts German and Japanese investors. Taft approves military intervention to overthrow Zelaya after two U.S. citizens (mercenaries) are executed. Marines topple Zelaya gov’t and Adolpho Diaz takes power as U.S. puppet (i.e. Nicaragua is U.S. protectorate until 1933) U.S. Marines in Nicaragua in 1932

52. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

53. “Missionary Diplomacy” “Missionary Diplomacy”

54. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” “Missionary Diplomacy”: the U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy via “ethnic self-determination” Promote peace. Condemn colonialism. “the force of America is the force of moral principle” 1913-1921

55. Mexico

56. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Emiliano Zapata Francisco Madero Venustiano Carranza Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa

57. The Mexican Revolution Background: Mexican War for Independence 1810-21 Caudillos 1821-60 La Reforma 1855-57 Hapsburg Empire 1864-67 Porfiriato 1876-1911 RevolutionMaderoVillaZapata

58. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico City and imprisons Madero where he was murdered. Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta regime because he did not obtain power democratically (despite U.S. businesses support) and places an embargo on arms shipments to Mexico. April 1914, 2 U.S. sailors arrested in Tampico. Though released Wilson demanded an apology. News of a German ship carrying ammo for Huerta prompts Wilson to authorize occupation of Veracruz. Fighting breaks out for 6 months and Huerta is ultimately forced into exile.

59. Wilson’s Motives US forces off the coast of Veracruz in 1914

60. Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

61. Haiti

62. Haitian Intervention 1915 After a revolution brings Oreste Zamor to power in 1914, the U.S. recognizes his regime, but presses for control of customs house to pay off foreign debt. Zamor refuses. Zamor is ousted by Davilimar Theodore, who is then forced out by General Sam. Wilson will NOT recognize his regime without commitment to customs convention. Sam murders 167 political opponents & is subsequently killed by a mob. Wilson had already authorized military intervention while the latter was taking place.

63. Haitian Occupation 1915-34 Capt. Smedley Butler & comrades taking Fort Riviere in 1915

64. Alternative Perspectives on American Intervention “I spent thirty-three years and four months in active service as a member of our country's most agile military force-the Marine corps. I served in all commissioned ranks from a second lieutenant to major general. And during the period I spent most of my time being a high-class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street and, for the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer for capitalism...Thus I helped make Mexico...safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank to collect revenues in... I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912. I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. I helped make Honduras "right" for American fruit companies in 1903.” Retired U. S. General Smedley Butler, 1935

65. Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”