2. JJ, Summer Event, 21July 20091 ITER pathway: Any use to you? ITER J Jacquinot, Barcelona, 18 Sept. 09

3. Synopsis What is ITER?What is ITER? History – Key milestonesHistory – Key milestones Key points for obtaining project approvalKey points for obtaining project approval Pros and Cons of the international pathwayPros and Cons of the international pathway JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 2 NB: Astronomy has a considerable experience in joint programmes. In fact, there is much more to learn from you…

4. What is ITER? Demonstrate fusion 500 MW, Q=10 Demonstrate fusion 500 MW, Q=10 Size threshold beyond the capability of a single organisation Requires the construction of a large instrument: Requires the construction of a large instrument: –Construction: 500 M for 10 years – Operation: for 20 years Challenges: Challenges: –Scientific burning plasma –Broad range of technologies Supra, materials, mechanical, measurements etc. –Organisational Independent ITER Organisation as UNESCO, UN In-kind procurements via domestic agencies 7 full partners, 35 countries7 full partners, 35 countries – EU (host), China, India, Korea (south), Japan, Russia, USA – Site: Cadarache, France big deal! – IO ratified by Treaty (end 2006) JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 3

5. 4 Size: 2 x JET Power: 500 MW Power Gain : 10 - demonstrate D/T burning - Tritium breeding blanket - Flexibility optimize DEMO parameters ITER Homo sapiens sapiens 1990 2006 2015 2035 Engineering Construction Exploitation 12345678910 0 R (m) JET ITER TS

6. JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 5 ITER: major phases 1985-86JET/TFTR results then proposal in summits: Gorbatchev-Mitterand-Reagan-Tanaka. 1988-90Conceptual design under IAEA: Europe, Japan, URSS, USA. 1992-2001Detailed engineering design and prototyping: Objectives : 1.5 GW - 1000 s, then 0.5 GW - 400 s / CW R&D investments ~ 800 millions Euros. USA withdraws in 1998 then back in 2003! From 2002 : Negotiations : Russia, Japan, European Union, (Canada) then, since 2003, USA, China, South Korea Statutes, organisation, funding and site selection Broader approach by EU and Japan (ITER, materials, physics progr.) From 2006 : Organisations on 3 levels : International – partners - French India becomes a full member 24 October 2007 : Treaty signed by all parties IO starts Today 450 people on site

7. JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 6 13 % 10 % 34 % Construction / 10 years / 4,7 G ITER: Sharing costs 9 % 46 % Local authorities (~10%) Euratom (~6%) State/CEA (~4%) Euratom Operation & dismantling/ 20 years / 5,7 G 9 % Note: no partner holds an absolute majority

8. Jean Jacquinot,, Cité du Livre 28 mai 20097 Supply in kind Each domestic agency supplies part of the machine In kind 90% of the machine is obtained this way

9. Key points (1) A visionary objective and a successful scientific precedent A visionary objective and a successful scientific precedent –Preferably at the international level (for ITER: JET Project backed by the entire scientific community Project backed by the entire scientific community –Established networks (for ITER: IAEA, IEA, Euratom) –Preparations by a design team under a legal umbrella (for ITER: IAEA) Periodic reviews (~ 2 per year) –Then construction/operation by an independent legal entity –Built in flexibility for novel ideas Opportunistic steering committee Opportunistic steering committee –Grab windows of opportunities (they are short lived!) –Steady progress. Never risk a NO may require many small steps JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 8

10. Key points (2) Win-Win agreementWin-Win agreement – Fair return on each partners investment (for ITER: In-kind proc.) – Compensation if required (for ITER: EU/Japan broader approach) – Intellectual property rights (A lawyers delight, a nightmare for you!, problem of underlying technology) FinancingFinancing –Consider financing input by local authorities – NO pinching budget at the expense of other scientific endeavours! –Note: total resources for the field should increase after approval Synergistic effect (for EU fusion budget doubled!)

11. Pitfalls Long, long process!Long, long process! Political choices of IO managementPolitical choices of IO management –Instability (avoided if treaty based) –Often inadequate Multiplication of interfacesMultiplication of interfaces –Technical risks –Cost and delay overrun Draw experience from precedentsDraw experience from precedents –Yours… –ITER, JET, ATLAS experiment in CERN –A380 (?) JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 10

12. JJ, Summer Event, 21July 200911 Euratom - TEKES (1995) Finland (incl. Estonia) Euratom - DCU (1996) Ireland Euratom - ÖAW (1996) Austria Eur - Hellenic Rep (1999) Greece (incl. Cyprus) Euratom - IPP.CR (1999) Czech Rep. Euratom - HAS (1999) Hungary Euratom – MEdC (1999) Romania Euratom – Univ. Latvia Latvia (2002) Euratom - IPPLM (2005) Poland Euratom - MHEST (2005) Slovenia Euratom – CU (2007) Slovakia Euratom – INRNE (2007) Bulgaria Euratom – LEI (2007) Lithuania Euratom - CEA (1958) France Euratom – ENEA (1960) Italy (incl. Malta) Euratom - IPP (1961) Germany Euratom - FOM (1962) The Netherlands Euratom - FZJ (1962) Germany Euratom - Belgian State Belgium (1969) (incl. Luxembourg) Euratom - RISØ (1973) Denmark Euratom – UKAEA (1973) United Kingdom Euratom - VR (1976) Sweden Euratom - Conf. Suisse Switzerland (1979) Euratom - FZK (1982) Germany Euratom –CIEMAT (1986) Spain Euratom – IST (1990) Portugal Euratom Fusion Associations ( 26) Joint construction of JET (1978)

13. JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 12 JT60-SA IFERC IFMIF-EVEDA ITERB.A. ITER and the broader approach UE/Japan ~5 billions ~0,68 billions 47% 31% 22%

14. JJ, Exoplanet meeting, Barcelona 18 Sept. 2009 13 In summary Be prepared for a long road with ups and downs Vision - Network – WinWin (fair return) – Visibility – Spin off Organisation: may be very complex Scientifically: stimulating and efficient Would do it again!