1. Chapter 24
Section 2

2. Clash of philosophies
Conservative- wealthy property owners and nobility; want to keep traditional monarchies of Europe
Liberal- middle-class business leaders and merchants; want to give more power to elected parliaments (only educated and landowners can vote
Radical- want drastic change to give democracy to all people; believe governments should practice liberty, equality, and brotherhood

3. Nationalism develops
Nationalism emerges- people's greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
Mostly radicals and liberals were nationalists
Nation-state defends a nations territory and way of life
1815- only France, England, and Spain are considered nation-states

4. Nationalists challenge conservative power
Greeks were first to win self- rule
Part of Ottoman Empire until their rebellion in 1821
Ottomans controlled the Balkan territory (Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia)

5. Greeks gain independence
Most powerful European governments opposed revolution, but Greek independence was popular around the world
1827- British, French, and Russian fleets helped Greece to destroy the Ottomans at the Battle of Navarino
1830- Britain, France, Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece

6. 1830s Uprisings crushed
Liberals and nationalists were revolting against conservative government's
October Belgians declare independence from the Dutch
Italy worked to unite, but Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order
Polish, under the control of Russia, revolt
Took one year, but Russians finally overpowered the Poles

7. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
Angry mob in Vienna, Austria clashed with Police
Metternich resigned and liberal uprisings erupted
Revolutionaries failed to unite themselves, thus allowing conservatives to regain control

8. Radicals Change France
1830- King Charles X tried to return to absolute monarchy
Riots erupted around the country, and Charles flees to Great Britain
Louis-Philippe replaces Charles X

9. The third republic
1848- Louis-Philippe resigned after reigning for 18 years
A Paris mob overturns the monarchy and makes France a republic
Radicals had two different views:
One group wanted only political reform
The other wanted political, social, and economic reform
Their differences caused bloody battles, thus causing people to move away from radicalism
1848- constitution created with a parliament and president elected by the people

10. France accepts strong ruler
December Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew) becomes president
1852- becomes Emperor Napoleon III
The people were weary of instability, but welcomed a ruler who would bring peace to France
He built railroads, pushed for industrialization, and public works
Unemployment rate decreases

11. Reform in Russia
Serfs were bound to Nobles who had unlimited power over them
Citizens wanted to free the serfs but the czars were afraid to upset nobles and lose their support
1853- Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over Ottoman Empire
Russian army didn't have proper supplies
1856- lost war against France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottomans
Alexander II moved Russia toward modernization

12. Reform and Reaction 1861- decree to free serfs
Instead of giving land to individual peasants, the entire peasant community received half of the farmland in the country and had 49 years to pay the debt off
Serfs are now legally free, but have debts to pay
1881-Alexander II assassinated by terrorists
Alexander III takes over
Encourages industrial development to expand power
Nationalism was a major force behind Russia's drive toward industrial expansion