1. 1. A) Normal Fault - A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension. B) Reverse Fault - A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved upward relative to the footwall. Reverse faults occur where two blocks of rock are forced together by compression.

2. - A geologic fault in which the crust slides horizontally apart. C) Transform Fault - A geologic fault in which the crust slides horizontally apart.

3. 2. Transform Fault

4. 3. A) Convergent Plate Boundary – two plates are moving towards each other. B) Divergent Plate Boundary – two plates are moving away from each other.

5. C) Transform Plate Boundary – two plates are sliding past each other.

6. 4. Volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and earthquakes.

7. 5. Eurasian and Pacific Plates, Indian- Australian and Pacific Plates, Eurasian and Indian-Australian Plates, North American and Pacific Plates, Nazca and South American Plates.

8. 6. Pacific and North American Plates, Caribbean and North American Plates, Antarctica and African Plates, and Scotia and Antarctica Plates.

9. 7. Arabian and African Plates, Antarctic and Indian-Australian Plates, Antarctic and Pacific Plates, Nazca and Pacific Plates, North American and Eurasian Plates, and South American and African Plates.

10. 8. Because the oceanic crust is more dense.

11. 9. Oceanic crust – 3.0g/cm³ and basalt. Continental crust – 2.7g/cm³ and granite.

12. 10. Conduction – heat transfer by touch. Convection – heat transfer by movement Convection – heat transfer by movement of a heated fluid. of a heated fluid. Radiation – heat transfer through empty Radiation – heat transfer through empty space. space.

13. 11. Convection Currents

14. 12. From the mantle and core.

15. 13. Differences in temperature and density, and gravity.

16. 14. Asthenosphere – plastic-like layer in the upper mantle that flows and causes plate movement.

17. 15. Lithosphere – includes the crust and upper rigid mantle.

18. 16. Sea-Floor Spreading; found on either side of mid-ocean ridges.

19. 17. Seismic waves

20. 18. Movement along fault lines, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or movement of large vehicles.

21. 19.

22. 20. P-waves – primary waves, first to arrive at a seismograph station, fastest moving earthquake wave, compression waves, and can travel through all materials (solids and liquids).

23. 21. S-waves – secondary waves, second to arrive at a seismograph station, slower moving earthquake wave, shear or transverse waves, and can travel ONLY through solids.

24. 22. 12 minutes 40 seconds

25. 23. 2 minutes and 10 seconds

26. 24. P-waves are deflected and S-waves are absorbed.

27. 25. When the oceanic crust is displaced during an underwater earthquake.

28. 26. Oldest rocks are farthest from the mid- ocean ridge; youngest rocks are closest from the mid-ocean ridge.

29. 27.

30. 28. Difference in arrival times of p-waves and s-waves.

31. 29. Northwestward.

32. 30. Distorted banding, folding, and faulting of rock layers.

33. 31. Both increases.

34. 32. 1200 °C

35. 33. Theory of Continental Drift – all the continents were once joined together as Pangaea and separated to their current positions. Evidences: 1) Continents coastlines fit together like a puzzle. 2) Same fossils (plant and animal), rocks types, mountain ranges, and glacial striations found on different continents. 3) Coal deposits found in Antarctica but can only form in tropical regions.

36. 34. Alfred Wegener

37. 35. Because Wegener could not explain HOW the continents moved.

38. 36. Theory of Sea-Floor Spreading - a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. mid-ocean ridgesoceanic crustvolcanic activitycontinental driftplate tectonicsmid-ocean ridgesoceanic crustvolcanic activitycontinental driftplate tectonics

39. Evidences for sea-floor spreading: 1) Pillow shaped basaltic rocks and rift valleys on either side of the mid-ocean ridge. 2) Same magnetic pole patterns on either side of the mid-ocean ridge. 3) Age of rocks on either side of the mid- ocean ridge increases from the ridge towards the coastlines. 4) Discovery of deep-ocean trenches.

40. 37. Theory of Plate Tectonics - states that Earth’s crust is made up of about a dozen rigid sections called lithospheric plates (~100km thick, includes crust and rigid upper mantle); these plates are “floating” on the asthenosphere and are moving slowly by giant convection currents in the mantle (asthenosphere section). *This theory combines Continental Drift and Sea-Floor Spreading theories to explain HOW the Earth’s has changed.

41. Evidences for Plate Tectonics: 1. Tilted strata 2. Faulting of rocks 3. Folding of rocks Ex. Anticlines and Synclines 4. Displaced fossils 5. Heat Flow 6. Hot Spots

42. 38. Divergent Plate Boundary

43. 39. Mountains and Trenches are created by convergent plate boundaries. Valleys (hot spots, mid-ocean ridges) are created by divergent plate boundaries. Valleys (hot spots, mid-ocean ridges) are created by divergent plate boundaries.

44. 40. The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake based on people reports.

45. 41. The Richter magnitude scale quantifies the energy contained in an earthquake, whereas, the Mercalli scale is based on subjective people reports on damage. earthquake

46. 42. Richter scale.

47. Be able to: Be able to: Find Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere ESRT p.1 Find Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere ESRT p.1 Interpret Tectonics Plates map - be able to determine latitude and longitude of different features (Ex. Hot spots, Trenches, etc.) and identify which lithospheric plates (countries) are at convergent, divergent, or transform boundaries- ESRT p.5 Interpret Tectonics Plates map - be able to determine latitude and longitude of different features (Ex. Hot spots, Trenches, etc.) and identify which lithospheric plates (countries) are at convergent, divergent, or transform boundaries- ESRT p.5 Determine the Inferred Positions of Earth’s Landmasses – ESRT p.9 Determine the Inferred Positions of Earth’s Landmasses – ESRT p.9 Interpret the Interior Layers of Earth – ESRT p.10 Interpret the Interior Layers of Earth – ESRT p.10 Interpret Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time to determine epicenters – ESRT p.11 Interpret Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time to determine epicenters – ESRT p.11 Determine the Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere -– ESRT p.14 Determine the Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere -– ESRT p.14