1. Domain III Life Science

2. Cells Unicellular Organisms – one cell
Example: Bacteria, some Protists
Multicellular Organisms – more than one cell
Example: All animals and plants. These organisms are arranged in levels of organization:
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ System Organism

3. Characteristics of living organisms and the Cell Theory
Characteristics of a cell:
take in energy, obtain and use energy, reproduce,maintain homeostasis, and pass on characteristics to offspring through genes.
Make it simple all organisms must metabolize, reproduce, grow, movement, respond, and generally have complex organization.
Cell Theory states:
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.

4. Prokaryotic Cells
Simple cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Example: Bacteria
Diseases caused by bacteria: Cholera, diphtheria, Dysentery, Tetanus, and Tooth Decay.

5. Eukaryotic Cells Domain: Eukarya Found in kingdoms Protista Fungi
Plantae
Animalia (Cell Shown)

6. Eukaryotic Cells – Complex Cellular Organization
Membrane Organelles:
Nucleus – DNA/Chromosomes
Rough ER – Protein Synthesis(ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER – lipids synthesis
Golgi Apparatus – packaging

7. And more organelles: Mitochondria – ATP production
Ribosomes – Protein Synthesis
Peroxisome – involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degradation

8. What is unique to: Animal Cells:
Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes.
Centrioles – used in cellular division.
Plants Cells:
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis
Cell Wall – formed of proteins and cellulose and lies outside of the plasma membrane

9. Questions ??????
What is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A. Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane.
B. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes.
C. The cells of prokaryotes only contain cytoplasm.
D. Prokaryotes contain an endoplasmic reticulum.

10. Question 2 A disease not caused by bacteria A. Tetanus B. Strep Throat
C. Dysentery
D. HIV

11. Question 3 Match the function to the organelle: Ribosome A. Packaging
Mitochondria B. Lipid Synthesis
Smooth ER C. Protein Synthesis
Golgi Appartus D. Cellullar Respiration

12. Question 3 Match the function to the organelle: Ribosome A. Packaging
Mitochondria B. Lipid Synthesis
Smooth ER C. Protein Synthesis
Golgi Appartus D. Cellular Respiration C D B A

13. Cellular Transport Active Transport – Requires energy –
Membrane Pumps – moves materials opposite to diffusion or against the gradient.
Endocytosis – Two types:
Phagocytosis – solids
Pinocytosis – liquids
Exocytosis – expel materials from the cell

14. Passive Transport – relies on thermal energy of matter and the cell does not work (No energy “ATP” used – High Concentration to Low Concentration). Four types:
Diffusion (usually solutes)
Facilitated Diffusion – membrane enzyme carries the substance
Osmosis – diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane (usually solvent due to solute concentration)
Bulk flow – movement of fluids affected by pressure.

15. Question 4
The use of transport vesicles and energy to move large solid materials into a cell is called?
A. Bulk Flow
B. Exocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Osmosis

16. Question 5 Which of the following is an example of osmosis?
A. The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
B. The movement of ions from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.
C. The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
D. The movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.

17. Question 6
What happens to a cell when particles move out of the cell through facilitated diffusion?
A. The cell gains energy.
B. The cell uses energy.
C. No energy change takes place.
D. The cell produces energy.

18. Photosynthesis

19. Photosynthesis – First Stage
Light Dependent Reactions:
The captured light energy is transferred to electrons that come from H2O and O2 is the byproduct.
ATP is produced

20. Second Stage of Photosynthesis:
Light Independent Reactions:
Energized electrons are transferred to CO2 to form glucose in the Calvin-Benson Cycle.
Autotrophs use the energy from the sun to make organic compounds and are the basis of all terrestrial and most aquatic food chains.

21. Cellular Respiration

22. Cellular Respiration
Highly energized electrons stored temporarily in glucose are removed (oxidation reactions) in a stepwise fashion to maximize energy captured at each step.
All organisms must use energy and the energy is in the form of ATP.

23. Stage 1: Glycolysis
Anaerobic process in the cytoplasm in which glucose is oxidized to two pyruvates. Both pyruvates are 3-Carbon.
All organisms complete glycolysis using enzymes.

24. Step 2: Krebs Cycle Occurs in the Mitochondria
Aerobic process that oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 and H+ are released to Hydrogen acceptor molecules.

25. Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain
Electrons from the hydrogen are used to create a chemical gradient resulting in an osmotic gradient that is used to resynthesize ATP from ADP + 1P
After electrons are used they are transferred to Oxygen to form H2O.
Also called oxidative phosphorylation.

26. Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

27. Question 7
What two products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration?
A. Glucose and oxygen
B. Glucose and water
C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
D. Sunlight and oxygen

28. Question 8
In what stage of photosynthesis is the molecule CO2 fixed in to the energy molecule glucose?
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Calvin Cycle
D. Light Dependent Reactions

29. Question 9
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in all organisms under anaerobic conditions?
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport Chain
D. Calvin Cycle

30. Question 10
What organelles are involved in the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A. Chloroplast and Ribosomes
B. Chloroplast and Golgi Apparatus
C. Chloroplast and Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Chloroplast and Mitochondria

31. Chromosomes, Genes, and Protein Synthesis
DNA and RNA
Chromosomes,
Genes,
and Protein Synthesis

32. Nucleic Acids DNA Nucleus – Eukaryotic Cells
Functional Unit – Nucleotide composed of phosphate group, sugar – Deoxyribose, and nitrogen base
Bases are Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Thymine(T), and Cytosine(C)
RNA
Coded from the DNA molecule and is used in protein synthesis
Single strand
Functional unit – Nucleotide composed of a phosphate group, sugar – Ribose, and nitrogen base
Contains Uracil(U) rather than Thymine.

33. DNA

34. DNA - Facts
DNA is a double helix molecule similar to a spiral stair case or a twisted ladder with the sides formed by repeating sugar-phosphate groups of nucleotides, and the horizontal portions (rungs of the ladder) formed by hydrogen bonds involving Adenine(A) to Thymine(T) or Cytosine(C) to Guanine(G).
Hereditary information (genes) are found along the linear sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule.

35. RNA - Facts
RNA is a single strand with sugar – phosphate repeating units that is coded directly from a gene on the DNA molecule. There are three types of RNA molecules:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – coded from the DNA carrying the sequence for a protein.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes and contains the anticodon sequence
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – located in the ribosomes and helps bind the other two types of RNA during protein synthesis.

36. DNA Replication (Semiconservative)
Important allows cells to pass genetic information on to offspring.
Errors in the process results in mutations.
Remember A – T and G – C.

37. Steps for replication:
Step 1: DNA’s double helix is unzipped between base pairs by breaking the hydrogen bonds using DNA helicase(enzyme).
Step 2: Pairing of new nucleotides using DNA polymerase with the proper bases, ie: A with T and C with G on each separated side of the original DNA.
At the conclusion of this process two strands of DNA molecules are formed with one half consisting of the original and a new strand (semiconservative).

38. Question 11
The functional unit of both DNA and RNA is the nucleotide. What comprises the nucleotide?
A. Sugar, Protein, and a Base
B. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base
C. Sugar, Protein, and a Ribosome
D. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Ribosome

39. Question 12
Which sequence of bases will pair with the base sequence CTAGGATTC in a DNA molecule?
A. GATCCTAAG
B. ATGTTGCCA
C. CTAGGATTC
D. GAATCCTAG

40. Question 13
The enzyme responsible for the attaching of new nucleotides to form new strands during DNA replication is?
A. DNA helicase
B. DNA pairase
C. DNA polymerase
D. DNA replicase

41. Question 14 Which RNA molecule has the anticodon sequence?
A. Messenger
B. Transfer
C. Ribosomal
D. DNA

42. Protein Synthesis – 2 steps
Transcription – nucleus
DNA  mRNA
Translation – cytoplasm
mRNA  rRNA  tRNA  protein

43. mRNA leaves the nucleus.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA nucleotide sequence  mRNA
Steps:
Messenger (m)RNA is copied from DNA, by unzipping a portion of the DNA helix that corresponds to a gene using RNA polymerase.
Only one side of the DNA will be transcribed, and nucleotides with the proper bases (A with U and C with G) will be sequenced to build mRNA.
mRNA leaves the nucleus.

44. Translation – occurs in the cytoplasm with ribosomes forming proteins mRNA  rRNA  tRNA  proteins
Steps:
mRNA attached to a ribosome
tRNA molecules pick up an amino acid and carry them to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon join together
As the amino acid chain lengthens enzymes form peptide bonds between amino acids.
The tRNA exit to locate a new amino acid and this process continues until the stop codon is reached.

45. Overview of Protein Synthesis

46. Question 15 DNA  RNA  Protein
In the diagram above, what is the function of RNA?
A. Carry the set of instructions that replicates another DNA molecule in the protein chain.
B. Carry the set of instructions that places amino acids in the protein chain.
C. Carry the set of instructions that places phosphate molecules in the protein chain.
D. Carry the set of instructions that bonds hydrogen to the protein chain

47. Question 16
What is the process in which mRNA is coded from the DNA and in what part of an eukaryotic cell does it occur?
A. Transcription, Nucleus
B. Transcription, Cytoplasm
C. Translation, Nucleus
D. Translation, Cytoplasm

48. Question 17
Looking at the picture to the right, what type of RNA is shown?
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
D. sRNA

49. Question 18
The DNA sequence, GATTACACG, would code which of the following mRNA sequence?
A. CTAATGTGC
B. CTUUTGTGC
C. CATATGTGC
D. CUAAUGUGC

50. Question 19 What process is being shown in the diagram to the left?
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Selection

51. Mutations
Any random, permanent change in the DNA molecule. Many are harmful, some have no effect, and some benefit the organism. Nature selects those mutations that are beneficial or adaptive in organisms to help shape the course of evolution.
DNA sequence: GCATACCA
Types of mutations:
Deletion – lost base  GC*TACCA
Duplication – extra copies  GCATCATACCA
Inversion – backwards  CGATACCA

52. Question 20
If the DNA sequence was ATGCTGGC, what type of mutation is shown in the following sequence, ATGCGCTGGC,
A. Deletion
B. Duplication
C. Inversion
D. Replication

53. The Science of Taxonomy
Classification
The Science of Taxonomy

54. 5 Kingdom vs 6 Kingdom
5 Kingdoms: Monera (prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic), Fungi* (eukaryotic), Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic)
6Kingdoms: Eubacteria (prokaryotic), Archaebacteria (prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic), Fungi* (eukaryotic), Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic)
* Cell Wall Present (Chitin in Fungi and Cellulose in Plantae)
What is the difference: Monera has been split into the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
What no Viruses?

55. Viruses

56. Viruses
Viruses are either a segment of DNA or RNA with a protein coat and are acellular. (Does not meet the life processes)
Infection pattern of viruses is either lytic or lysogenic. Lysogenic pattern has a dormancy stage.
Vaccinations is the most effective defense against viral infections. Antibiotics CANNOT treat viral infections.
Viral Diseases: AIDS, Chickenpox, Common Cold, Hepatitis, Flu, Measles, Mumps, Polio, Rabies, Smallpox, Warts, and West Nile Virus.
Viruses that infect bacteria are Bacteriophage.

57. Question 21 How are viruses different from living organisms?
A. Viruses have no DNA or RNA.
B. Viruses use host cells to reproduce.
C. Viruses contain no proteins.
D. Viruses can be killed by antibiotics.

58. Question 22
Which kingdom is a decomposer and has a cell wall composed of chitin?
A. Protista
B. Animalia
C. Plantae
D. Fungi

59. Question 23
Which of the following is NOT an effective viral disease treatment or prevention?
A. Antibiotics
B. Flu Vaccine
C. Control of animals that carry rabies
D. Avoiding close contact with people who have colds.

60. Evolution
Theory of Evolution includes: Variation exist within the genes of a population, some organisms are better suited to survive and reproduce, and resources are limited.
Evidence of evolution include: fossils, DNA sequence, Anatomical similarities, and Physiological similarities.

61. Ecology
Autotrophs or producers are organisms that capture sunlight or other organic molecules to form an organic molecules. Photosynthesis. Examples: plants, algae, and bacteria
Heterotrophs or consumers are organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy(food). Examples: Fungi, bacteria, animals.

62. Heterotrophs Relationship
Herbivore – Animals that eat only plants (Cows)
Carnivore – Animals that eat only other animals (Lions)
Omnivore – Animals that eat both plant and animal matter (Humans)
Detritivores – obtain energy from dead organisms and organic waste. (Earthworms and fungi)
Decomposers – are detritivores that cause decay. (Bacteria and fungi)

63. Symbiosis Relatioships
Symbiosis is a close relationship between two organisms that are different species.
Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other does not benefit nor is harmed. Ex:Clown Fish and Sea Anemone (Finding Nemo)
Mutualism – both species benefit. Ex: Lichens (which are fungi and algae)
Parasitism – one organism lives directly on other organism. Ex: Tapeworm and Humans
Predation – one organism captures and eating another. Ex: Gazelle and Lion

64. Energy and Matter in the Ecosystem
Matter is recycled through the ecosystem, where energy is lost between the trophic levels.
Food Chain – shows direct relationships
PlantsGrasshopperBlue Jay
Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer (3 trophic levels)
Food Web – interrelationships within an ecosystem between producers, consumers, and decomposers.

65. Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Cycle – Evaporation and Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, and Runoff
Carbon Cycle – Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration
Nitrogen Cycle – Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation, and Denitrification

66. Question 24 Algae  Krill  Cod  Leopard Seal
Which term describes the algae in the food chain above?
A. Decomposers
B. Consumers
C. Producers
D. Herbivores

67. Question 25
Which of the following is not recycled through the environment?
A. Energy
B. Carbon
C. Nitrogen
D. Water

68. Question 26
Which form of interaction takes place when a killer whale devours a seal?
A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Predation
D. Parasitism

69. Question 27 Which process does not return carbon to the environment?
A. Burning of fossil fuels
B. Photosynthesis
C. Cellular Respiration
D. Decay

70. Human Systems

71. Four Types of Tissues
Epithelial – lines the body surfaces. Continuously replaced.
Nervous – carries information throughout the body.
Connective – supports, protects, and insulates the body. (Blood, bone, fat, and cartilage)
Muscle – movement (Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)

72. Integumentary System Structures: Skin, Hair, and Nails
Function: Protects the body from injury, defense against pathogens, regulate body temperature, and prevents the body from drying out.

73. Skeletal System Structures: Bones, joints
Function: Provide protection to internal organs and work with muscles for movement.
Tendons attach muscles to bone. Ligaments connect bone to bone and limit the movement of bones.
Joints include Ball and socket(hip), pivot(neck), hinge(fingers), gliding(wrist), and saddle(thumb only).

74. Circulatory System Structures: Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels.
Heart – 4 chambers, atrium(2) receives blood and ventricles(2) pump blood
Blood – composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood Vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries
Function: connects all organs in the body and transports material throughout the body.
Pulmonary – Heart to Lungs & Systemic – Heart to Body

75. Pathway of blood through the heart
Vena Cava (blood from the body)  Right Atrium  Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Artery  Lung  Pulmonary Vein  Left Artium  Left Ventricle  Aorta
Pathway of blood through the blood vessels:
Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries  Venules  Vein

76. Respiratory System
Structures: Diaphragm, Lungs, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Alveoli
Function: Works with the circulatory system to transport oxygen to the cells of the body for cellular respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide.
Pathway of air: Pharynx Larynx TracheaBronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries

77. Digestive System
Structures and Pathway: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, and Rectum. Accessory Organs: Liver, Pancreas, and Salivary Glands.
Function: To break down large organic molecules in food to usable smaller molecules.
Steps: Ingestion  Digestion  Absorption  Elimination

78. Excretory System Structure: Kidney, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
Function: The removal (excretion) of water soluble waste in blood from chemical activities in cells including ammonia from metabolism of proteins.
Two Steps: Filtration and Reabsorption

79. Nervous System Structures: Neurons, brain, and spinal cord.
Function: Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. Uses both chemical and electrical signals.
Electrical impulse move DendriteCell Body Axon (neurotransmitter)  Dendrite
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers
Central Nervous System – Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System - Nerves

80. Immune System
Function: To protect the body from disease causing agents (pathogens).
Nonspecific defenses: Skin, Inflammatory response, histamine, tears, and increase in temperature.
White Blood Cells – 3 types – Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Killer T Cells

81. Endocrine System Structure: Glands and Hormones
Function: Regulate the activity of the body using hormones.
Endocrine glands produce hormones and are secrete directly into the blood or fluid around cells.
Gland and Hormone: Adrenal–adrenaline, Ovaries-estrogen, Pancreas–insulin, and Testes–testerone

82. Reproductive System Function: Reproduction of offspring
Male Reproductive System: Testes produces sperm (haploid cell 23 chromosomes)
Female Reproductive System: Ovaries produce ova (haploid cell 23 chromosomes), fallopian tube (fertilization occurs) and uterus (embryo development).

83. Question 28
Which structure in the digestive system is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Small Intestines
D. Rectum

84. Question 29 What is the correct order of the digestive process?
A. Elimination, Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption
B. Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
C. Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion, Elimination
D. Digestion, Elimination, Absorption, Ingestion

85. Question 30
Which statement describes the interaction between two different body systems?
A. Muscles move when a nerve impulse is received from motor nerves.
B. Cells produced in the inner layer of the epidermis move upward toward the outer layer of skin.
C. Air filtered and warmed in the nose.
D. Macrophages attack and kill invading pathogens.

86. Question 31
Which statement best describes the interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system in humans?
A. The central nervous system controls the peripheral nervous system.
B. The peripheral nervous system controls the central nervous system.
C. Both systems are controlled by the endocrine system.
D. The systems work independently.

87. Question 32 Where does fertilization of the ova occur in humans?
A. Ovary
B. Fallopian Tubes
C. Uterus
D. Vagina

88. Question 33
What two systems work directly together in movement of a muscle?
A. Endocrine and Muscular
B. Digestive and Muscular
C. Circulatory and Muscular
D. Nervous and Muscular

89. Question 34
Which organ below is not responsible for the removal of waste from the human body?
A. Stomach
B. Lungs
C. Skin
D. Kidneys
Lungs remove carbon dioxide, sweat produce by the skin removes various waste and the kidneys removes urea.

90. Question 35
When oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the alveoli, which two systems are interacting?
A. Circulatory and Digestive
B. Respiratory and Endocrine
C. Circulatory and Respiratory
D. Endocrine and Digestive

91. Plants
Just the facts

92. Basic Organs of Plants Roots – Anchorage and Absorption
Stems – Supports leaves
Leaves – Photosynthesis
Flowers – Reproduction ( found only in Angiosperms)

93. Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants lack roots, stems, and leaves.
Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts

94. Vascular Plants
Vascular tissues are xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis. Phloem transports sap (sugar and water) from the leaves to other areas of the plants.
Vascular Plants include Gymnosperms (pine trees) and Angiosperms (flowering plants).

95. Plant Responses to the Environment
Responses to the environment by plants are due to tropisms. Tropisms are either positive or negative, depending on if the plant bends toward or away from the stimulus.
Examples:
Phototropism – sunlight
Thigmotropism – touch
Photoperiodism – length of sunlight to darkness/flowering

96. Question 36 When a plant grows toward light, which tropism is shown?
A. Thigmotropism
B. Photoperiodism
C. Guttation
D. Phototropism

97. Question 37 Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts are examples of
A. Nonvascular Plants
B. Vascular Plants
C. Gymnosperms
D. Angiosperms

98. Question 38
Plants have adaptations that increase their chance of survival. For example, when the leaves of a mimosa plant are touched, all of the leaves fold up. A valid conclusion about this adaptation is that mimosa plants developed this response as protection against
A. Too much light
B. Leaf-eating animals
C. Cold temperatures
D. Dry Weather