1. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Instructor: Fatima Naseem
Lecture # 01
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2. Course Book
“Introduction to Computers” by Peter Norton, 6th Edition

3. Contact Fatima Naseem Room # 17, CED. fatima@uettaxila.edu.pk
Office Hours :
Thursday 9.00 AM11.00 AM
Monday 9.00 AM11.00 AM

4. Grading Criteria Quizzes (4-5) 10 Marks Assignments (4-5) 10 Marks
Lab Work Marks
Mid Semester Marks
End Semester Marks

5. Policies Everything will be announced on OCMS
The Lecture will always be on time, otherwise the changed schedule will be announced in advance
The quiz will not be delayed, no one should come to request for its delay
There will be no makeup quiz
Assignments have to be submitted on mentioned time, if submitted after 24 hrs of due time half marks shall be granted, after that zero marks will be given

6. Introducing Computer Systems
Chapter # 01
Introducing Computer Systems

7. Chapter #1A
EXPLORING COMPUTERS AND THEIR USES

8. Overview Computer Defined Computers for Individual Users
Computers for Organizations
Computers in Society

9. The Computer Defined Electronic device Converts data into information
Any computer regardless of its type, is controlled by instructions, which tell it what to do.
Digital Computers
Analogue Computers
Can be categorized on different basis

10. Modern computers are digital
They are so called because they work by the numbers
Digital systems represent data as one distinct value or the other
Break all types of info into tiny units, works on them and again combine them to represent info
Work in a strict manner by processing these units individually and in organized way
Older computers were analog
A range of values made data
Somewhat more flexible but not necessarily more precise and reliable

11. Computers For Individual Use
Some computers are meant to be used by one person at a time
This category includes:
Desktop computers
Workstations
Notebook computers
Tablet computers
Handheld computers
Smart phones
PCs are also called microcomputers for their size
Although used by individuals but can be part of networks

12. Computers For Individual Use
Desktop computers
The most common type of computer
Sits on the desk or floor
Performs a variety of tasks
Has a system unit
Might be horizontal or vertical
Workstations
Specialized computers
Optimized for science or graphics
More powerful than a desktop

13. Computers For Individual Use
Notebook computers
Small portable computers
Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
About 8 ½ by 11 inches
Typically as powerful as a desktop
Can include a docking station

14. Computers For Individual Use
Tablet computers
Newest development in portable computers
Input is through a pen called stylus or digital pen
Run specialized versions of office products

15. Computers For Individual Use
Handheld computers
Very small computers
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Note taking or contact management
Data can synchronize with a desktop
Smart phones
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
Web surfing, access

16. Computers For Organizations
Some computers handle the needs for many people at the same time
Such systems normally lie at the heart of organizations network
Some are generic and some are special purpose
People generally access them through terminals
They include:
Network Servers
Mainframe Computers
Minicomputers
Supercomputers

17. Computers For Organizations
Network servers
Centralized computer
All other computers connect
Provides access to network resources
Multiple servers are called clusters or server farms
Often simply a powerful desktop
Or might be mounted on in large racks or reduced to small units called Blades
Different servers may have different purposes

18. Computers For Organizations
Mainframes
Used in large organizations
Handle thousands of users
Users access through a terminal
Two types of terminals
Dumb terminal only for input and output data
Intelligent terminal performs some processing but usually doesn’t have any storage

19. Computers For Organizations
Minicomputers
Called midrange computers
Power between mainframe and desktop
Handle hundreds of users
Used in smaller organizations
Users access through a terminal

20. Computers For Organizations
Supercomputers
The most powerful computers made
Handle large and complex calculations
Process trillions of operations per second
Found in research organizations

21. Computers In Society More impact than any other invention
Changed work and leisure activities
Used by all demographic groups
Computers are important because:
Provide information to users
Information is critical to our society
Managing information is difficult

22. Computers In Society Computers at home
Many homes have multiple computers
Most American homes have Internet
Computers are used for
Business
Entertainment
Communication
Education

23. Computers In Society Computers in education
Computer literacy required at all levels
Computers in small business
Makes businesses more profitable
Allows owners to manage
Computers in industry
Computers are used to design products
Assembly lines are automated

24. Computers In Society Computers in government
Necessary to track data for population
Police officers
Tax calculation and collection
Governments were the first computer users

25. Computers In Society Computers in health care
Revolutionized health care
New treatments possible
Scheduling of patients has improved
Delivery of medicine is safer

26. Looking Inside the Computer System
Chapter 1B
Looking Inside the Computer System

27. Overview Parts of Computer System > Hardware > Software
> Data > User
Information Processing Cycle
Essential Computer Hardware
Processing Devices
Memory Devices
RAM
ROM
Input and Output Devices
Storage Devices
Magnetic Storage
Optical Storage

28. Parts of the Computer System
Computer systems have four parts
Hardware
Software
Data
User
Mechanical devices in the computer
Anything that can be touched
Interconnected electronic devices used to control computer’s operations, input, output
Referred to as device

30. Parts of the Computer System
Software
Set of instructions which make the computer work
Tell the computer what to do
Also called a program
Thousands of programs exist
Some to help computer perform its tasks and manage its resources, others to help users perform their tasks such as creating documents

31. Parts of the Computer System
Data
Pieces of information that by themselves do not make much sense
Computer processes them in various ways, converting them to useful information
Computer organize and present data
Users
People operating the computer
Most important part
Tell the computer what to do
No system is completely autonomous

33. Information Processing Cycle
Steps followed to process data
A computer converts data into information by performing various operations on data according to some instructions from a program, displays results to user and stores them
This is called Information Processing Cycle
Following are the step, and each involves one or more specific components of computer
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
optional

35. Essential Computer Hardware
Computers use the same basic hardware
Hardware categorized into four types

36. Essential Computer Hardware
Processing devices
Brains of the computer
Carries out instructions from the program
Manipulate the data
Most computers have several processors
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Secondary processors
Processors made of silicon and copper

37. Essential Computer Hardware
Memory devices
Stores data or programs
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Volatile
Stores current data and programs
More RAM results in a faster system
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Permanent storage of programs
Holds the computer boot directions

38. Essential Computer Hardware
Input and output devices
Allows the user to interact
Input devices accept data
Keyboard, mouse
Output devices deliver data
Monitor, printer, speaker
Some devices are input and output
Touch screens

39. Essential Computer Hardware
Storage devices
Hold data and programs permanently
Different from RAM
Magnetic storage
Floppy and hard drive
Uses a magnet to access data
Optical storage
CD and DVD drives
Uses a laser to access data

40. Software Runs The Machine
Tells the computer what to do
Reason people purchase computers
Two types
System software
Application software

41. Software Runs The Machine
System software
Most important software
Operating system
Windows XP
Network operating system (OS)
Windows Server 2003
Utility
Symantec AntiVirus

42. Software Runs The Machine
Application software
Accomplishes a specific task
Most common type of software
MS Word
Covers most common uses of computers

43. Computer data Fact with no meaning on its own
Stored using the binary number system
Data can be organized into files

44. Computer users Role depends on ability “Userless” computers
Setup the system
Install software
Mange files
Maintain the system
“Userless” computers
Run with no user input
Automated systems

45. Any Questions ?